|
PEDOT
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT or PEDT; ''IUPAC'' name poly(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-''b''][1,4]dioxane-5,7-diyl)) is a conducting polymer based on 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene or EDOT. It was first reported by Bayer AG in 1989. Polymer PEDOT possesses many advantageous properties compared to earlier conducting polythiophenes like Polythiophene#3-Alkylthiophenes, 3-alkylthiophenes. For example, the polymer is Transparency (optics), optically transparent in its electrical conduction, conducting state and has high stability, moderate band gap, and low oxidation potential, redox potential. Its major disadvantage is its poor solubility, which is partly circumvented by use of composite materials such as PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT-TMA. The polymer is generated by oxidation. The process begins with production of the radical cation of EDOT monomer, [C2H4O2C4H2S]+. This cation adds to a neutral EDOT followed by deprotonation. The idealized conversion using peroxy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PEDOT-TMA
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-tetramethacrylate or PEDOT-TMA is a p-type conducting polymer based on 3,4-ethylenedioxylthiophene or the EDOT monomer. It is a modification of the PEDOT structure. Advantages of this polymer relative to PEDOT (or PEDOT:PSS) are that it is dispersible in organic solvents, and it is non-corrosive. PEDOT-TMA was developed under a contract with the National Science Foundation, and it was first announced publicly on April 12, 2004. The trade name for PEDOT-TMA is Oligotron. PEDOT-TMA was featured in an article entitled "Next Stretch for Plastic Electronics" that appeared in Scientific American in 2004. The U.S. Patent office issued a patent protecting PEDOT-TMA on April 22, 2008. PEDOT-TMA differs from the parent polymer PEDOT in that it is capped on both ends of the polymer. This limits the chain-length of the polymer, making it more soluble in organic solvents than PEDOT. The methacrylate groups on the two end-caps allow further chemistry to occ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PEDOT
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT or PEDT; ''IUPAC'' name poly(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-''b''][1,4]dioxane-5,7-diyl)) is a conducting polymer based on 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene or EDOT. It was first reported by Bayer AG in 1989. Polymer PEDOT possesses many advantageous properties compared to earlier conducting polythiophenes like Polythiophene#3-Alkylthiophenes, 3-alkylthiophenes. For example, the polymer is Transparency (optics), optically transparent in its electrical conduction, conducting state and has high stability, moderate band gap, and low oxidation potential, redox potential. Its major disadvantage is its poor solubility, which is partly circumvented by use of composite materials such as PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT-TMA. The polymer is generated by oxidation. The process begins with production of the radical cation of EDOT monomer, [C2H4O2C4H2S]+. This cation adds to a neutral EDOT followed by deprotonation. The idealized conversion using peroxy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polythiophene
Polythiophenes (PTs) are polymerized thiophenes, a sulfur heterocyclic compound, heterocycle. The parent PT is an insoluble colored solid with the formula (C4H2S)n. The rings are linked through the 2- and 5-positions. Poly(alkylthiophene)s have Alkyl, alkyl substituents at the 3- or 4-position(s). They are also colored solids, but tend to be soluble in organic solvents. PTs become Conductive polymer, conductive when oxidized. The electrical resistivity and conductivity, electrical conductivity results from the Delocalized electron, delocalization of electrons along the polymer backbone. Conductivity however is not the only interesting property resulting from electron delocalization. The optical properties of these materials respond to environmental stimuli, with dramatic color shifts in response to changes in solvent, temperature, Electric potential, applied potential, and binding to other molecules. Changes in both color and conductivity are induced by the same mechanism, tw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conducting Polymer
Conductive polymers or, more precisely, intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are organic polymers that Electrical conductance, conduct electricity. Such compounds may have metallic conductivity or can be semiconductors. The biggest advantage of conductive polymers is their processability, mainly by Dispersion (chemistry), dispersion. Conductive polymers are generally not thermoplastics, ''i.e.'', they are not thermoformable. But, like insulating polymers, they are organic materials. They can offer high electrical conductivity but do not show similar mechanical properties to other commercially available polymers. The electrical properties can be fine-tuned using the methods of organic synthesis and by advanced dispersion techniques. History Polyaniline was first described in the mid-19th century by Henry Letheby, who investigated the electrochemical and chemical oxidation products of aniline in acidic media. He noted that reduced form was colourless but the oxidized forms were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene
3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) is an organosulfur compound with the formula C2H4O2C4H2S. The molecule consists of thiophene, substituted at the 3 and 4 positions with an ethylene glycolyl unit. It is a colorless viscous liquid. EDOT is the precursor to the polymer PEDOT, which is found in electrochromism, electrochromic displays, photovoltaics, electroluminescent displays, printed wiring, and sensors. Synthesis and polymerization The original synthesis proceeded via the diester of 3,4-dihydroxythiophene-2,5-dicarboxylate. EDOT is often prepared from C4 precursors such as butanediol and butadiene via routes that produce the thiophene and dioxane rings in separate steps. Representative is the reaction of 2,3-butanedione, trimethyl orthoformate, and ethylene glycol to form the dioxane. Sulfidization with elemental sulfur gives the bicyclic target. EDOT is converted into the conducting polymer PEDOT by oxidation. The mechanism for this conversion begins with production of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indium Tin Oxide
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a ternary composition of indium, tin and oxygen in varying proportions. Depending on the oxygen content, it can be described as either a ceramic or an alloy. Indium tin oxide is typically encountered as an oxygen-saturated composition with a formulation of 74% In, 18% Sn, and 8% O by weight. Oxygen-saturated compositions are so typical that unsaturated compositions are termed ''oxygen-deficient ITO''. It is transparent and colorless in thin layers, while in bulk form it is yellowish to gray. In the infrared region of the spectrum it acts as a metal-like mirror. Indium tin oxide is one of the most widely used transparent conducting oxides because of its electrical conductivity and optical transparency, the ease with which it can be deposited as a thin film, and its chemical resistance to moisture. As with all transparent conducting films, a compromise must be made between conductivity and transparency, since increasing the thickness and increasing the concent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrochromism
Electrochromism is a phenomenon in which a material displays changes in color or opacity in response to an electrical stimulus. In this way, a smart window made of an electrochromic material can block specific wavelengths of ultraviolet, visible or (near) infrared light. The ability to control transmittance of near infrared light can increase the energy efficiency of a building, reducing the amount of energy needed to cool during summer and heat during winter. As the color change is persistent and energy need only be applied to effect a change, electrochromic materials are used to control the amount of light and heat allowed to pass through a surface, most commonly "smart windows". One popular application is in the automobile industry where it is used to automatically tint rear-view mirrors in various lighting conditions. Principle The phenomenon of electrochromism occurs in some transition metal oxides which conduct both electricity and ions, such as tungsten trioxide (WO3). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antistatic
An antistatic agent is a compound used for treatment of materials or their surfaces in order to reduce or eliminate buildup of static electricity. Static charge may be generated by the triboelectric effect or by a non-contact process using a high voltage power source. Static charge may be introduced on a surface as part of an in-mold label printing process. The role of an antistatic agent is to make the surface or the material itself slightly conductive, either by being conductive itself, or by absorbing moisture from the air; therefore, some humectants can be used. The molecules of an antistatic agent often have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas, similar to those of a surfactant; the hydrophobic side interacts with the surface of the material, while the hydrophilic side interacts with the air moisture and binds the water molecules. Internal antistatic agents are designed to be mixed directly into the material, external antistatic agents are applied to the surface. Common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal in a pure form. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental ( native state), as nuggets or grains, in rocks, veins, and alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum), naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium, and mineral inclusions such as within pyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides). Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid), forming a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glassy Carbon
Glass-like carbon, often called glassy carbon or vitreous carbon, is a non-graphitizing, or nongraphitizable, carbon which combines glassy and ceramic properties with those of graphite. The most important properties are high temperature resistance, hardness (7 Mohs), low density, low electrical resistance, low friction, low thermal resistance, extreme resistance to chemical attack, and impermeability to gases and liquids. Glassy carbon is widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, for high-temperature crucibles, and as a component of some prosthetic devices. It can be fabricated in different shapes, sizes and sections. The names ''glassy carbon'' and ''vitreous carbon'' have been registered as trademarks, and IUPAC does not recommend their use as technical terms. A historical review of glassy carbon was published in 2021. History Glassy carbon was first observed in the laboratories of The Carborundum Company, Manchester, UK, in the mid-1950s by Bernard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially used for electricity generation and as photosensors. A photovoltaic system employs solar modules, each comprising a number of solar cells, which generate electrical power. PV installations may be ground-mounted, rooftop-mounted, wall-mounted or floating. The mount may be fixed or use a solar tracker to follow the sun across the sky. Photovoltaic technology helps to mitigate climate change because it emits much less carbon dioxide than fossil fuels. Solar PV has specific advantages as an energy source: once installed, its operation generates no pollution and no greenhouse gas emissions, it shows scalability in respect of power needs and silicon has large availability in the Earth's crust, although other materials required in PV system man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solution (chemistry)
In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. If the attractive forces between the solvent and solute particles are greater than the attractive forces holding the solute particles together, the solvent particles pull the solute particles apart and surround them. These surrounded solute particles then move away from the solid solute and out into the solution. The mixing process of a solution happens at a scale where the effects of chemical polarity are involved, resulting in interactions that are specific to solvation. The solution usually has the state of the solvent when the solvent is the larger fraction of the mixture, as is commonly the case. One important parameter of a solution is the concentration, which is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. The term "aqueous solution" is used when ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
