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Pataria
The ''pataria'' was an eleventh-century movement focused on the city of Milan in northern Italy, which aimed to reform the clergy and ecclesiastic government within the city and its ecclesiastical province, in support of papal sanctions against simony and clerical marriage. Those involved in the movement were called ''patarini'' (singular ''patarino''), patarines or patarenes, a word chosen by their opponents, the etymology of which is unclear. The movement, associated with urban unrest in the city of Milan, is generally considered to have begun in 1057 and ended in 1075. The Pataria also came to oppose the power of the papacy and its moral corruptions. The Patarines were declared a heretical sect. They are considered by some as a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. History Early in the year 1057, a preacher named Ariald arrived in the city of Milan and began to preach against the Milanese clerics' custom of marrying. It is possible that he took advantage of the absence at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Alexander II
Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio, was the head of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1061 to his death in 1073. Born in Milan, Anselm was deeply involved in the Pataria reform movement. Elected according to the terms of his predecessor's bull, ''In nomine Domini'', Anselm's was the first election by the cardinals without the participation of the people and minor clergy of Rome. He also authorized the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. Early life and work Anselm was born in the parish of Cesano Boscone in the town of Corsico some 7 km (5 mi) from Milan of a noble family. The family took its name from Baggio. a suburb of Milan, where the family held the office of "captain". According to the ''Liber pontificalis'', his father's name was Anselmus or Ardericus. Contemporary sources do not provide any information on where Anselm might have obtained his education. It was traditionally believed that An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonizo Of Sutri
Bonizo of Sutri or Bonitho was a Bishop of Sutri and then of Piacenza in Central Italy, in the last quarter of the 11th century. He was an adherent of Gregory VII and an advocate of the reforming principles of that pope. He wrote three works of polemical history, detailing the struggles between civil and religious authorities. He was driven out of both of his dioceses, once by the emperor and once by opponents of Gregorian-style reform. Life Bonizo was born about 1045, though there is no documentary material referring to the date of his birth, or the place, or of his family. It is argued that he was a native of Milan in Northern Italy. Early in his life he associated himself with the reform group known as the Pataria. Bonizo took part in several councils held in Rome. He was present in Rome at a synod of Pope Alexander II, probably the one held in February or March 1073. On 27 November 1074, Pope Gregory wrote a letter to Bishop Dionysius of Piacenza, advising him that he was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hildebrand Of Sovana
Pope Gregory VII ( la, Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana ( it, Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Emperor Henry IV that affirmed the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals. He was also at the forefront of developments in the relationship between the emperor and the papacy during the years before he became pope. He was the first pope in several centuries to rigorously enforce the Western Church's ancient policy of celibacy for the clergy and also attacked the practice of simony. Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV three times. Consequently, Henry IV would appoint Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII ( la, Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana ( it, Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Emperor Henry IV that affirmed the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals. He was also at the forefront of developments in the relationship between the emperor and the papacy during the years before he became pope. He was the first pope in several centuries to rigorously enforce the Western Church's ancient policy of celibacy for the clergy and also attacked the practice of simony. Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV three times. Consequently, Henry IV would appoint Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the polit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnulf Of Milan
Arnulf of Milan, or Arnulfus Mediolanensis ( 1018–1077) was a medieval chronicler of events in Northern Italy. He was the great-nephew of Archbishop Arnulf I of Milan. Arnulf was born in the late 10th or early 11th century. He gives eyewitness account of 1018 in his chronicle. The last event he records took place in 1077. Arnulf is known for his work in five books, named ''Liber gestorum recentium'', a "book of the deeds of recent times" (written 1072-1077). Arnulf describes his labour in the first book as "a simple narrative, offered in everyday speech, of the deeds accomplished by our kings, our bishops, and our fellow citizens from Milan and beyond, as well as our compatriots in the Kingdom of Italy, which I myself have seen or somehow heard from either those who saw them or those slightly later."Quotations are from W. North's translation of the text edited by Claudia Zey. Unlike most Christian chroniclers of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Arnulf did not begin wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Landulf Of Milan
Landulf of Milan ( it, Landolfo di Milano, la, Landulfus Mediolanensis) was a late eleventh-century historian of Milan. His work ''Historiae Mediolanensis'' contains a proportion of pure invention, as well as gross inaccuracies. He is called Landulf Senior to distinguish him from the unrelated chronicler of Milan Landulf Junior. He was a married priest and opponent of the Gregorian Reform and the local Patarenes. He travelled to France to study: to Orléans in 1103, to Paris to study with William of Champeaux in 1107-7, and to Laon.Richard William Southern Sir Richard William Southern (8 February 1912 – 6 February 2001), who published under the name R. W. Southern, was a noted English medieval historian based at the University of Oxford. Biography Southern was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne o ..., ''Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe'' I (1995), p. 268. His chronicle begins in 374 and concludes in 1083. There is a complete Italian translation by Alessandro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guido Da Velate
Guido da Velate (also Guy or Wido) (died 1071) was the Archbishop of Milan from 1045 until his death, though he had simoniacally abdicated in 1067. He had been chosen as successor to Aribert by the people in opposition to the choice of the noblesse and confirmed as archbishop by the Emperor Henry III. Guido was the archbishop of Milan at a time when the Pataria was gaining force in the city. Riot and unrest was a daily affair and Guido is reputed to have had a hand in much of it. He opposed the Papal reforms and the Patarines who sought to outlaw clerical marriage and concubinage; he was a simoniac himself. Because he also refused to abide by the compromise of 1044, which would have limited his powers, he found himself at odds with the communards and the lesser nobility as well as the reform school. After the death of Henry III in 1056, Hildebrand, Anselm of Baggio, and Peter Damian were sent to settle matters in Milan, but to little avail. The peace they brokered was broken inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
0318 - Milano - San Calimero - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 5-May-2007
Year 318 ( CCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Licinianus and Crispus (or, less frequently, year 1071 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 318 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine the Great gives the ancient Roman town Drepana (Asia Minor) the name Helenopolis, after his mother Helena, and builds a church in honour of the martyr St. Lucian. * Constantine the Great is given the title Brittanicus Maximus, for successful engagements in Britain. Asia * The Chinese Empire loses its territories to the north of the Yangtze River, to the benefit of the Xiongnu and the Xianbei. The Former Zhao state is proclaimed; Liu Can and the state ruling family at Pingyang is executed in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV (german: Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105, King of Germany from 1054 to 1105, King of Italy and Burgundy from 1056 to 1105, and Duke of Bavaria from 1052 to 1054. He was the son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor—the second monarch of the Salian dynasty—and Agnes of Poitou. After his father's death on 5 October 1056, Henry was placed under his mother's guardianship. She made grants to German aristocrats to secure their support. Unlike her late husband, she could not control the election of the popes, thus the idea of the "liberty of the Church" strengthened during her rule. Taking advantage of her weakness, Archbishop Anno II of Cologne kidnapped Henry in April 1062. He administered Germany until Henry came of age in 1065. Henry endeavoured to recover the royal estates that had been lost during his minority. He employed low-ranking officials to carry out his new policies, causing discontent in Saxony and Thuri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henrietta Leyser
Henrietta Leyser is an English historian. She is an expert on the history of medieval England, in particular the role of women. Career Leyser is an Emeritus fellow at St Peter's College, Oxford and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. Leyser was W. John Bennett Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the Institute and the Centre for Medieval Studies at the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2011-12. She was a Distinguished Visitor at the Centre of Medieval Studies, University of Toronto (January-April 2012). Leyser has contributed biographies to the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. In 2011, she received a ''Festschrift'' entitled ''Motherhood, Religion, and Society in Medieval Europe, 400-1400: Essays Presented to Henrietta Leyser'', edited by her son Conrad Leyser and Lesley Smith (Farnham: Ashgate). She was married to the historian Karl Leyser (1920–92). Their children are Dame Ottoline Leyser, Regius Professor of Botany, and Conrad Leyser, also a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catharism
Catharism (; from the grc, καθαροί, katharoi, "the pure ones") was a Christian dualist or Gnostic movement between the 12th and 14th centuries which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France. Followers were described as Cathars and referred to themselves as Good Christians; in modern times, they are mainly remembered for a prolonged period of religious persecution by the Catholic Church, which did not recognize their unorthodox Christianity. Catharism emerged in Western Europe in the Languedoc region of southern France in the 11th century. Adherents were sometimes referred to as Albigensians, after the French city Albi where the movement first took hold. Catharism was initially taught by ascetic leaders who set few guidelines, leading some Catharist practices and beliefs to vary by region and over time. The movement was greatly influenced by the Bogomils of the First Bulgarian Empire, and may have originated in the Byzantine Empire, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katherine Jansen
Katherine L. Jansen is an American historian and professor of medieval history at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. She also has served as Visiting Professor at the Johns Hopkins University and Princeton University. Biography She received her Ph.D. from Princeton University, a student of William C. Jordan. Her scholarly interests are in the history of medieval Italy, religious cultures, and women and gender studies. Her first book was awarded the John Gilmary Shea Prize from the American Catholic Historical Association and the prize for the first book in the field of history from the Phi Alpha Theta Society. She has held fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation, the American Academy in Rome, Villa I Tatti, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University, among others. In 2019 she was appointed Editor of '' Speculum journal''. In 2020 she was elected Fellow of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
