|
Papuan Language
The Papuan languages are the non-Austronesian and non- Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship. The concept of Papuan (non-Austronesian) speaking Melanesians as distinct from Austronesian-speaking Melanesians was first suggested and named by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1892. New Guinea is the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the Austronesian languages, there are some (arguably) 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to any other languages, plus many language isolates. The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea, with a number spoken in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville Island and the Solomon Islands to the east, and in Halmahera, Timor and the A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Area Of Papuan Languages
Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a region on the plane or on a curved surface. The area of a plane region or ''plane area'' refers to the area of a shape or planar lamina, while ''surface area'' refers to the area of an open surface or the boundary of a three-dimensional object. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat. It is the two-dimensional analogue of the length of a curve (a one-dimensional concept) or the volume of a solid (a three-dimensional concept). The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size. In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of area is the square metre (written as m2), which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long. A shape with an area of three square metres would have the same area as three such squares. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumbawa
Sumbawa is an Indonesian island, located in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain, with Lombok to the west, Flores to the east, and Sumba further to the southeast. Along with Lombok, it forms the province of West Nusa Tenggara, but there have been plans by the Indonesian government to split the island off into a separate province. Traditionally, the island is known as the source of sappanwood, as well as honey and sandalwood. Its savanna-like climate and vast grasslands are used to breed horses and cattle, as well as to hunt deer. Sumbawa has an area (including minor offshore islands) of (three times the size of Lombok) with a population (at the 2020 Census) of 1,561,461.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. It marks the boundary between the islands to the west, which were influenced by religion and culture spreading from India, and the region to the east that was less influenced. In particular this applies to both Hinduism and Islam. Etymology Sumbawa is a Portuguese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Makasae Language
Makasae (also known as Makassai, Macassai, Ma'asae, Makasai) is a Papuan language spoken by about 100,000 people in the eastern part of East Timor, in the districts of Baucau and Viqueque, just to the west of Fataluku. It is the most widely spoken Papuan language west of New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr .... Phonology The data in this section are from Huber (2017). Consonants Native consonant phonemes are shown in the chart below for the Ossu dialect. Borrowed consonants are enclosed in parenthesis. Vowels Monophthongs Makasae has five vowel phonemes. References Further reading * Huber, Juliette (2008). ''First steps towards a grammar of Makasae: a language of East Timor''. LINCOM * * * External links Makasaiat The Language Archive {{West ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melpa Language
Melpa (also written Medlpa) is a Papuan language spoken by about 130,000 people predominantly in Mount Hagen and the surrounding district of Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. Melpa is a Pandanus language used during karuka harvest. Melpa has a voiceless velar lateral fricative, written as a double-barred el (Ⱡ, ⱡ). Melpa is notable for its binary counting system. A dictionary of Melpa has been compiled by Stewart, Strathern and Trantow (2011). Phonology Consonants Vowels Numeral system Melpa language in films Temboka, a dialect of Melpa, is the native language of the Ganiga tribe, who featured prominently in the Highlands Trilogy of documentaries by Robin Anderson and Bob Connolly (''First Contact First contact may refer to: *First contact (astronomy), the moment in astronomical transit when the apparent positions of the two bodies first touch *First contact (anthropology), the first meeting of two cultures previously unaware of one another ...'', ''Joe Le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huli Language
Huli is a Tari language spoken by the Huli people of the Hela Province of Papua New Guinea. It has a pentadecimal (base-15) numeral system: means 15, means 15×2 = 30, and means 15×15 = 225. Huli has a pandanus language called (bush divide taboo) used for collecting karuka nuts () as well as hunting or traveling. is used to evade malevolent bush spirits. The grammar for is nearly identical to normal Huli, but the vocabulary is changed, often borrowing words from Duna but with changed meanings. Phonology Huli has a syllable structure of (C)V. Vowels /ɑ/ is pronounced more fronted as before /r/ and /ʝ/. Vowel nasality is phonemic in the language. Vowels can also carry three phonemic tones; high-falling, mid-level, and low-rising. Consonants Stops /p t k/ can become aspirated as ʰ tʰ kʰ In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breathing, breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the Stop consonant#articul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enga Language
Enga is a language of the East New Guinea Highlands spoken by a quarter-million people in Enga Province, Papua New Guinea. It has the largest number of speakers of any native language in New Guinea, and is second over all after Papuan Malay. An Enga-based pidgin is used by speakers of Arafundi languages. History The Enga contain more than 150,000 people that occupy the mountainous region ranging from Mount Hagen and westward to Porgera. Enga people are known to be sedentary gardeners that grow sweet potatoes as their staple crop. Coffee and pyrethrum are also grown as cash crops in their culture and they also keep pigs, cattle, and fowls. Pigs, pearls, shells, axes, and plumes are items of wealth and signify social occasions when exchanged or circulated. Enga clans have definite boundaries defining their homesteads across the territory and have been known to fight with each other over land, women, and vengeance. Men and women traditionally occupy different homes because ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ekari Language
Ekari (also ''Ekagi'', ''Kapauku'', ''Mee'') is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken by about 100,000 people in the Paniai lakes region of the Indonesian province of Papua, including the villages of Enarotali, Mapia and Moanemani. This makes it the second-most populous Papuan language in Indonesian New Guinea after Western Dani. Language use is vigorous. Documentation is quite limited. Phonology Consonants The voiced velar stop (ɡᶫ) is pronounced with lateral release. Doble (1987) describes both /k/ and /ɡᶫ/ as being labialized ʷ, ɡᶫʷafter the back vowels /o, u/ (i.e. ''okei'' 'they', ''euga'' 'more'), with ''g'' having 'varying' degrees of the lateral. Staroverov & Tebay (2019) describe /ɡᶫ/ as being velar lateral ᶫbefore front vowels and uvular non-lateral ʶbefore non-front vowels. When lateral, there is usually a stop onset, but occasionally just is heard. /j/ is a 'more palatalized ' (perhaps or ) before the high front vowel /i/ (i.e. '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Dani Language
Western Dani, or Laani, is the most populous Papuan language in Indonesian New Guinea. It is spoken by the Lani people The Lani are an indigenous people in Puncak, Central Papua and Lanny Jaya, Highland Papua, usually labelled 'Western Dani' by foreign missionaries, or grouped—inaccurately—with the Dani people who inhabit the Baliem Valley to the east. Po ... in the province of Papua. The Swart Valley tribes are called ''Oeringoep'' and ''Timorini'' in literature from the 1920s, but those names are no longer used. Phonology The phonology of the Western Dani language: At the beginning of words, stops sound aspirated. An intervocalic /ɣ/ is pronounced as , and a /ɹ/ before a high vowel becomes a fricative . Vowels /i, u, ɒ/ have allophones, , References Dani languages Languages of western New Guinea {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Guinea Highlands
The New Guinea Highlands, also known as the Central Range or Central Cordillera, is a long chain of mountain ranges on the island of New Guinea, including the island's tallest peak, Puncak Jaya , the highest mountain in Oceania. The range is home to many intermountain river valleys, many of which support thriving agricultural communities. The highlands run generally east-west the length of the island, which is divided politically between Indonesia in the west and Papua New Guinea in the east. Geography The Central Cordillera, some peaks of which are capped with ice, consists of (from east to west): the Central Highlands and Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea including the Owen Stanley Range in the southeast, whose highest peak is Mount Victoria at 4,038 metres (13,248 feet), the Albert Victor Mountains, the Sir Arthur Gordon Range, and the Bismarck Range, whose highest peak is Mount Wilhelm at 4,509 metres (14,793 feet), which is an extinct volcano with a crater lake; the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian Languages
The Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (CEMP) languages form a proposed branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages consisting of over 700 languages (Blust 1993). Distribution The Central Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken in the Lesser Sunda and Maluku Islands of the Banda Sea, in an area corresponding closely to the Indonesian provinces of East Nusa Tenggara and Maluku and the nation of East Timor (excepting the Papuan languages of Timor and nearby islands), but with the Bima language extending to the eastern half of Sumbawa Island in the province of West Nusa Tenggara and the Sula languages of the Sula Islands in the southwest corner of the province of North Maluku. The principal islands in this region are Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Buru, and Seram. The numerically most important languages are Nggahi Mbojo ( Bimanese), Manggarai of western Flores, Uab Meto of West Timor, and Tetum, the national language of East Timor. Subgrouping In the original pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumba Languages
The Sumba languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family, spoken on Sumba, an island in eastern Indonesia.Asplund, Leif (2010)''The Languages of Sumba.''Paper presented at the East Nusantara Conference in Kupang. They are closely related to the Hawu–Dhao languages. Classification A preliminary internal classification by Asplund (2010) recognizes three branches of the Sumba languages: *Central–East Sumbanese **East Sumbanese: Kambera (dialect cluster) ** Mamboru **Central Sumbanese: Anakalangu, Wanukaka, Ponduk, Baliledu *Wejewa–Lamboya ** Wejewa ** Lamboya *Kodi–Gaura **Kodi KODI (1400 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a news/talk format. Licensed to Cody, Wyoming, United States, the station is currently owned by the Big Horn Radio Network, a division of Legend Communications of Wyoming, LLC, and features programm ... ** Gaura References Further reading * External links Sumbaat '' Ethnologue'' (22nd ed., 2019). Languages of Indo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flores–Lembata Languages
The Flores–Lembata languages are a group of related Austronesian languages (geographically Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages) spoken in the Lesser Sundas, on eastern Flores and small islands immediately east of Flores. They are suspected of having a non-Austronesian substratum, with extreme morphological simplification in Sika and secondarily in Alorese, but not to a greater extent than the Central Malayo-Polynesian languages in general. Languages The generally accepted defined Flores–Lembata languages are: *Kedang * Sika * Lamaholot In addition, the following is often grouped either as a dialect of Lamaholot or its own language: * Adonara * Alorese Lamaholot is a dialect chain. Ethnologue treats ten varieties as distinct languages. Classification Elias (2017) proposes the following internal classification of Flores-Lembata.Elias, Alexander. 2017. ''Subgrouping the Flores–Lembata languages using Historical Glottometry''. 9th International Austronesian and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
