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Paezan
Paezan (also Páesan, Paezano, Interandine) may be any of several hypothetical or obsolete language-family proposals of Colombia and Ecuador named after the Paez language. Proposals Currently, Páez (Nasa Yuwe) is best considered either a language isolate or the only surviving member of an otherwise extinct language family (Adelaar & Muysken 2004, Gordon 2005, Matteson 1972, Fabre 2005). It has often been grouped with other languages in a ''Paezan'' family, but several of these proposals are based on a historical error. Even before the discovery of the error, Campbell (1997: 173) stated, "There is no consensus upon Paezan, and opinions vary greatly". Páez, Panzaleo, Andaquí One of the most often repeated statements (e.g. Loukota 1968; Kaufman 1990, 1994) is the supposed connection between Páez and the extinct Panzaleo (also known as Pansaleo, Latacunga, or Quito), formerly spoken in highlands of Ecuador. However, Panzaleo is poorly documented and the evidence for this rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Isolate
Language isolates are languages that cannot be classified into larger language families. Korean and Basque are two of the most common examples. Other language isolates include Ainu in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, and Haida in North America. The number of language isolates is unknown. A language isolate is unrelated to any other, which makes it the only language in its own language family. It is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationships—one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. One explanation for the existence of language isolates is that they might be the last remaining branch of a larger language family. The language possibly had relatives in the past which have since disappeared without being documented. Another explanation for language isolates is that they developed in isolation from other languages. This explanation mostly applies to sign languages that have arisen independently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barbacoan Languages
Barbacoan (also Barbakóan, Barbacoano, Barbacoana) is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. Genealogical relations The Barbacoan languages may be related to the Páez language. Barbacoan is often connected with the Paezan languages (including Páez); however, Curnow (1998) shows how much of this proposal is based on misinterpretation of an old document of Douay (1888). (See: Paezan languages.) Other more speculative larger groupings involving Barbacoan include the Macro-Paesan "cluster", the Macro-Chibchan stock, and the Chibchan-Paezan stock. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Atakame, Cholon-Hibito, Kechua, Mochika, Paez, Tukano, Umbra, and Chibchan (especially between Guaymí and Southern Barbacoan branches) language families due to contact. Languages Barbacoan consists of 6 languages: *Northern :* Awan (also known as Awa or Pasto) ::* Awa Pit (also known as Cuaiquer, Coaiquer, Kwaiker, Awá, Awa, Tele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Páez Language
Páez (also Paez, Paes; or the autonym Nasa Yuwe 'Nasa language') is a language of Colombia, spoken by the Páez people. Crevels (2011) estimates 60,000 speakers out of an ethnic population of 140,000. The language is spoken by the second largest Colombian indigenous community, the Páez, in the north of the Cauca Department, in southwestern Colombia. However, the people had to move to other departments of Colombia like Huila, Tolima and Valle del Cauca. Classification Páez is generally considered to be a language isolate, or at least the only surviving member of its family (Adelaar & Muysken 2004). Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chibcha, Barbakoa, Choko, Tukano, Andaki, and Kofan language families due to contact. Varieties Below is a full list of Paezan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. *Paez / Paisa – the language spoken in the villages of the Paez River, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Choco Languages
The Choco languages (also Chocoan, Chocó, Chokó) are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and Panama. Family division Choco consists of six known branches, all but two of which are extinct. *The Emberá languages (also known as Chocó proper, Cholo) * Noanamá (also known as Waunana, Woun Meu) * Anserma ''(†)'' * Arma ''(†)'' ? (unattested) * Sinúfana (Cenufara) ''(†)'' ? * Caramanta ''(†)'' ? Anserma, Arma, and Sinúfana are extinct. The Emberá group consists of two languages mainly in Colombia with over 60,000 speakers that lie within a fairly mutually intelligible dialect continuum. Ethnologue divides this into six languages. Kaufman (1994) considers the term ''Cholo'' to be vague and condescending. Noanamá has some 6,000 speakers on the Panama-Colombia border. Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andaquí Language
Andaqui (or Andaki) is an extinct language from the southern highlands of Colombia. It has been linked to the Paezan or Barbacoan languages, but no connections have been demonstrated. It was spoken by the Andaqui people of Colombia. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with Paez, Chibcha (also proposed by Rivet 1924Rivet, Paul. 1924. La langue Andakí. ''Journal de la Société des Américanistes'', 16:99-110.), and Tinigua-Pamigua due to contact. Varieties Other unattested varieties possibly related to Andaqui that are listed by Loukotka (1968): *Timaná - once spoken on the Magdalena River and Guarapas River around the city of Timaná. *Yalcon / Cambi - once spoken between the Magdalena River and La Plata River. Vocabulary Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. : See also *Macro-Paesan languages Macro-Paesan (also spelled Macro-Paezan) is a proposal linking several small families and language isolates of no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andaqui Language
Andaqui (or Andaki) is an extinct language from the southern highlands of Colombia. It has been linked to the Paezan languages, Paezan or Barbacoan languages, but no connections have been demonstrated. It was spoken by the Andaqui people of Colombia. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with Paez language, Paez, Chibcha languages, Chibcha (also proposed by Rivet 1924Rivet, Paul. 1924. La langue Andakí. ''Journal de la Société des Américanistes'', 16:99-110.), and Tinigua-Pamigua languages, Tinigua-Pamigua due to contact. Varieties Other unattested varieties possibly related to Andaqui that are listed by Čestmír Loukotka, Loukotka (1968): *Timaná - once spoken on the Magdalena River and Guarapas River around the city of Timaná. *Yalcon / Cambi - once spoken between the Magdalena River and Río de la Plata, La Plata River. Vocabulary Čestmír Loukotka, Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. : See also *Macro-P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panzaleo
Panzaleo (''Pansaleo, Quito, Latacunga'') is a poorly attested and unclassified indigenous American language that was spoken in the region of Quito until the 17th century. Attestation Much of the information on Panzaleo comes from toponyms of central and northern Ecuador. Typical are: :''-(h)aló'': Pilaló, Mulahaló :''-leo'': Tisaleo, Pelileo :''-lagua / -ragua'': Cutuglagua, Tungurahua Classification Loukotka (1968) suggested that Panzaleo might be related to Paez. (See Paezan languages.) One of his sources for this proposal was Jijón y Caamaño (1940), who admit that the evidence is weak and may have been due to language contact. References {{reflist * Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto (1936–8): ''Sebastián de Benalcázar'', vol. 1 (1936) Quito: Imprenta del Clero; vol. 2 (1938) Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana. * Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto (1940–5): ''El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana'', vol. 1 (1940), vol. 2 (1941), vol. 3 (1943), v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panzaleo Language
Panzaleo (''Pansaleo, Quito, Latacunga'') is a poorly attested and unclassified indigenous American language that was spoken in the region of Quito until the 17th century. Attestation Much of the information on Panzaleo comes from toponyms of central and northern Ecuador. Typical are: :''-(h)aló'': Pilaló, Mulahaló :''-leo'': Tisaleo, Pelileo :''-lagua / -ragua'': Cutuglagua, Tungurahua Classification Loukotka (1968) suggested that Panzaleo might be related to Paez. (See Paezan languages.) One of his sources for this proposal was Jijón y Caamaño (1940), who admit that the evidence is weak and may have been due to language contact. References {{reflist * Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto (1936–8): ''Sebastián de Benalcázar'', vol. 1 (1936) Quito: Imprenta del Clero; vol. 2 (1938) Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana. * Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto (1940–5): ''El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana'', vol. 1 (1940), vol. 2 (1941), vol. 3 (1943), vol. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coconucan
Coconuco, also known as Guambiano and Misak, is a dialect cluster of Colombia spoken by the Guambiano indigenous people. Though the three varieties, Guambiano, moribund Totoró, and the extinct Coconuco are traditionally called languages, Adelaar & Muysken (2004) believe that they are best treated as a single language. Totoró may be extinct; it had 4 speakers in 1998 out of an ethnic population of 4,000. Guambiano, on the other hand, is vibrant and growing. Coconucan was for a time mistakenly included in a spurious Paezan Paezan (also Páesan, Paezano, Interandine) may be any of several hypothetical or obsolete language-family proposals of Colombia and Ecuador named after the Paez language. Proposals Currently, Páez (Nasa Yuwe) is best considered either a langu ... language family, due to a purported "Moguex" (Guambiano) vocabulary that turned out to be a mix of Páez and Guambiano (Curnow 1998). Phonology The Guambiano inventory is as follows (Curnow & Liddicoat 1998:3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macro-Chibchan
Macro-Chibchan is a proposed grouping of the languages of the Lencan, Misumalpan, and Chibchan families into a single large phylum (macrofamily). History The Lencan and Misumalpan languages were once included in the Chibchan family proper, but were excluded pending further evidence as that family became well established. Kaufman (1990) finds the Chibchan–Misumalpan connection convincing, if as yet unsubstantiated, though Campbell (1997) finds it doubtful. The Xincan family was once included in Macro-Chibchan, but this is now doubtful. Constenla (2005) calls this proposed phylum ''Lenmichí'' (Lencan–Misumalpan–Chibchan) and provides 85 cognate sets which exhibit regular sound correspondences among the three families. He suggests that Chocoan may be related as well. Greenberg proposed a broader conception of Macro-Chibchan, one dismissed by linguists working on the families in question. It included Yanomam, Purépecha, and Cuitlatec in addition to Chibchan–Misumalpan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coconucan Languages
Coconuco, also known as Guambiano and Misak, is a dialect cluster of Colombia spoken by the Guambiano indigenous people. Though the three varieties, Guambiano, moribund Totoró, and the extinct Coconuco are traditionally called languages, Adelaar & Muysken (2004) believe that they are best treated as a single language. Totoró may be extinct; it had 4 speakers in 1998 out of an ethnic population of 4,000. Guambiano, on the other hand, is vibrant and growing. Coconucan was for a time mistakenly included in a spurious Paezan Paezan (also Páesan, Paezano, Interandine) may be any of several hypothetical or obsolete language-family proposals of Colombia and Ecuador named after the Paez language. Proposals Currently, Páez (Nasa Yuwe) is best considered either a langu ... language family, due to a purported "Moguex" (Guambiano) vocabulary that turned out to be a mix of Páez and Guambiano (Curnow 1998). Phonology The Guambiano inventory is as follows (Curnow & Liddicoat 1998:3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arawak Peoples
The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. All these groups spoke related Arawakan languages. Name Early Spanish explorers and administrators used the terms ''Arawak'' and ''Caribs'' to distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean, with ''Carib'' reserved for indigenous groups that they considered hostile and ''Arawak'' for groups that they considered friendly. In 1871, ethnologist Daniel Garrison Brinton proposed calling the Caribbean populace "Island Arawak" due to their cultural and linguistic similarities with the mainland Arawak. Subsequent scholars shortened this convention to "Arawak", creating confusion between the island and mainland groups. In the 20th century, scholars such as Irving Rouse resumed using "Taíno" for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
