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Punctelia Microsticta
''Punctelia microsticta'' is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Brazil and Argentina, where it grows on bark. Taxonomy The lichen was first described to science in 1879 by Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis as ''Parmelia microsticta''. The type specimen was collected from Apiaí (São Paulo, Brazil), by botanist Juan Ignacio Puiggari. He found it growing on the trunk of lemon tree (''Citrus limon''). The original description noted its similarity to '' Punctelia rudecta'', with differences in the grey colour of the thallus, the pale apothecia, and the much larger spores. Hildur Krog transferred it to the newly circumscribed genus ''Punctelia'' in 1982. ''Punctelia'' species with a black lower thallus surface and lacking vegetative propagules (like isidia or soredia) are called the ''Punctelia microsticta'' group. This complex of morphologically similar species includes '' P. borrerina'', '' P. riograndensis'', '' P. j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soredia
Soredia are common reproductive structures of lichens. Lichens reproduce asexually by employing simple fragmentation and production of soredia and isidia. Soredia are powdery propagules composed of fungal hyphae wrapped around cyanobacteria or green algae. These can be either scattered diffusely across the surface of the lichen's thallus Thallus (plural: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. Many of these organisms wer ..., or produced in localized structures called soralia. Fungal hyphae make up the basic body structure of lichen. The soredia are released through openings in the upper cortex of the lichen structure. After their release, the soredia disperse to establish the lichen in a new location. References Fungal morphology and anatomy Lichenology {{lichen-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biomonitor
A bioindicator is any species (an indicator species) or group of species whose function, population, or status can reveal the qualitative status of the environment. The most common indicator species are animals. For example, copepods and other small water crustaceans that are present in many water bodies can be monitored for changes (biochemical, physiological, or behavioural) that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem. Bioindicators can tell us about the cumulative effects of different pollutants in the ecosystem and about how long a problem may have been present, which physical and chemical testing cannot. A biological monitor or biomonitor is an organism that provides quantitative information on the quality of the environment around it. Therefore, a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant and can also be used in an attempt to provide additional information about the amount and intensity of the exposure. A biological indicator is also the name give ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite (commonly known in a dilute solution as bleach) is an Inorganic chemistry, inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula, formula NaOCl (or NaClO), comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may also be viewed as the sodium salt (chemistry), salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous Chemical compound, compound is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a hydrate, pentahydrate ·5, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive and is stable if kept refrigerated. Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. In solution, the compound is unstable and easily decomposes, liberating chlorine, which is the active principle of such products. Sodium hypochlorite is the oldest and still most important chlorine-releasing compounds, chl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spot Test (lichen)
A spot test in lichenology is a spot analysis used to help identify lichens. It is performed by placing a drop of a chemical on different parts of the lichen and noting the colour change (or lack thereof) associated with application of the chemical. The tests are routinely encountered in dichotomous keys for lichen species, and they take advantage of the wide array of lichen products produced by lichens and their uniqueness among taxa. As such, spot tests reveal the presence or absence of chemicals in various parts of a lichen. They were first proposed by the botanist William Nylander in 1866. Three common spot tests use either 10% aqueous KOH solution (K test), saturated aqueous solution of bleaching powder or calcium hypochlorite (C test), or 5% alcoholic ''p''-phenylenediamine solution (P test). The colour changes occur due to presence of particular secondary metabolites in the lichen. There are several other less frequently used spot tests of more limited use that are employed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medulla (lichenology)
The medulla is a horizontal layer within a lichen thallus. It is a loosely arranged layer of interlaced hyphae below the upper cortex and photobiont A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Galloway, D.J. (1992). Flora of Australia - ''Lichen Glossary'' The medulla generally has a cottony appearance. It is the widest layer of a heteromerous lichen thallus. References Fungal morphology and anatomy Lichenology {{lichen-stub ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conidia
A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. The two new haploid cells are genetically identical to the haploid parent, and can develop into new organisms if conditions are favorable, and serve in biological dispersal. Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes (the phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive between species and, before the development of molecular techniques at the end of the 20th century, was widely used for identification of (''e.g.'' ''Metarhizium'') species. The terms microconidia and macroconidia are sometimes used. Conidiogenesis There are two main types of conidium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrometre
The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling (SI standard prefix "micro-" = ); that is, one millionth of a metre (or one thousandth of a millimetre, , or about ). The nearest smaller common SI unit is the nanometre, equivalent to one thousandth of a micrometre, one millionth of a millimetre or one billionth of a metre (). The micrometre is a common unit of measurement for wavelengths of infrared radiation as well as sizes of biological cells and bacteria, and for grading wool by the diameter of the fibres. The width of a single human hair ranges from approximately 20 to . The longest human chromosome, chromosome 1, is approximately in length. Examples Between 1 μm and 10 μm: * 1–10 μm – length of a typical bacterium * 3–8 μm – width of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascospore
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can occur in numbers of one (e.g. ''Monosporascus cannonballus''), two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci (e.g. ''Tympanis'') with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some ''Cordyceps'', also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be coenocytic (lacking a septum), and in some cases coenocytic in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei. The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm (the portion of cytoplasm not used in ascospore formation) that is surrounded by the "bourrelet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punctelia Subpraesignis
''Punctelia subpraesignis'' is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mexico, South America, and East Africa, where it grows on bark and on rocks. Major characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from other ''Punctelia'' species include the C+ and KC+ rose spot tests of the medulla (indicating the presence of gyrophoric acid), ascospores that are smaller than 20 μm, and unciform (hooklike) conidia. Taxonomy It was first described as a new species by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1896, from specimens collected in Argentina. In 1982, Hildur Krog transferred it to ''Punctelia'', a genus she circumscribed to contain '' Parmelia'' species with pseudocyphellae. Description The greenish-gray thallus of ''Punctelia subpraesignis'' is in diameter. It comprises irregularly branched, overlapping lobes that are wide. The texture of the thallus surface ranges from smooth to wrinkled. Vegetative propagules such as lacinulae, macu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punctelia Jujensis
''Punctelia jujensis'' is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Argentina and Brazil. Taxonomy The lichen was described as a new species by Argentinian lichenologist Mónica Adler in 1989. The type specimen was collected near the Yala River in Jujuy Province (Argentina), where it was found growing on the bark of a ''Populus'' tree on the side of a road. ''Punctelia jujensis'' is a member of a group of similar ''Punctelia'' species with a black lower surface and lacking soredia, isidia, lobules or lacinules; they are known as the "''Punctelia microsticta''-group". Description The lichen has a light to dark grey thallus up to in diameter comprising lobes with somewhat rounded tips that measure wide. Pseudocyphellae are sparse and minute (less than 0.2 mm in diameter), and are evenly distributed on the thallus surface. The lichen does make any vegetative propagules–lobulae, squamules, soredia, nor isidia. The medulla is white, while the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punctelia Riograndensis
''Punctelia riograndensis'' is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Africa and South America, it was formally described as a new species by Norwegian lichenologist Bernt Lynge in 1914, as ''Parmelia riograndensis''. The type specimen was collected in 1892 from Porto Alegre Municipality in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil) by Swedish lichenologist Gustav Malme. In 1982, Hildur Krog circumscribed the genus ''Punctelia'' to contain ''Parmelia'' species with rounded pseudocyphellae, and ''P. riograndensis'' was one of the 22 species that she transferred to the new genus. The lichen has a greenish-gray thallus measuring wide, and which is closely attached (adnate) to its substrate (tree bark). The lobes that comprise the thallus are crowded, sometimes overlapping, and measure wide. Pseudocyphellae on the thallus surface are abundant. The medulla is white. The lower thallus surface is either white, or variegated with black and white. It does not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
