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Pu-Ba'lu
Pu-Ba'lu, (another spelling, also Pu-Bahla) was ruler/mayor of Yursa, (a city/city-state in Canaan(?)), identified with Tell Jemmeh, of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. His name translates in west semitic as well as in Akkadian as: "word/mouth (of) Baal", the '' 'Spokesman (of) Baal' '', (–or 'Baal's Voice'). Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa is the author of three letters to pharaoh. See: Yursa The three Amarna letters, ( EA for 'el Amarna') to pharaoh from Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa are: :EA 314—Title: ''"A shipment of glass"'' :EA 315—Title: ''"Like a command of the Sun"''–See: Reanap :EA 316—Title: ''"Postscript to the royal scribe"''–See: Tahmašši Of the entire Amarna letters 382–letter corpus, Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa is only referenced in letters 314, and 315, as: ''"..Pu-Ba'lu, the ruler of Yursa"'', and EA 316, as "Pu-Ba'lu". One other reference in EA 104, entitled: ''" Ullassa taken"'' is to Abdi-Ashirta's son, "Pu-Bahla", presumably a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yursa
Yursa was a town from the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. The site, a city/city-state, is probably in the southern Canaan close to Gaza. Some scholars identify it with Tell Jemmeh. In the 382–letter correspondence it is the location of its mayor/ruler, Pu-Ba'lu, who authored 3 letters written to the pharaoh, namely EA , ( EA for 'el Amarna'). The three letters to the pharaoh from Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa are: :EA 314—Title: "A shipment of glass" :EA 315—Title: "Like a command of the Sun"–See: Reanap :EA 316—Title: "Postscript to the royal scribe"–See: Tahmašši Of the entire Amarna letters 382–letter corpus, Yursa is only referenced in letters 314, and 315, as: ''"..Pu-Ba'lu, the ruler of Yursa"''. Example letter of ''Yursa''/Pu-Ba'lu EA 314, title: "A shipment of glass" :"To the king (i.e. Pharaoh), my lord, my god, my Sun, the Sun from the sky: Message of Pu-Ba'lu, your servant, the ruler of ''Yursa''. I indeed prostrate m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reanap
Reanap, also Reanapa (cuneiform: ''ri-a-na-pa'') was an ancient Egyptian commissioner, of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters, written from a 15–20 year time period. Of the 382 El-Amarna letters correspondence, Reanapa is referenced in three: :* EA 292–Titled: ''Like a pot held in pledge, '' see Adda-danu. :* EA 315–Titled: ''"Like a command of the Sun"'' :* EA 326–Titled: ''"A new commissioner"'' Two short letters The topic of two short letters, EA 315, and 326 is ''Reanapa'', and no intrigues of other cities/city-states, or individuals, are involved. The prostration formula to the pharaoh, and subservience to the king's authority can be seen. EA 315, by Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa Letter no. 2 of 3 by Pu-Ba'lu: : o the kin, my lord, my god, the Sun from the sky: Message of Pu-Ba'lu, the ruler of Yursa, the dirt at your feet. I indeed prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times, on the back and on the sto ah. :I am indeed guard ngthe city o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tahmašši
Tahmašši, or ''Takhmašši'', and also known by his hypocoristicon or pet name: Tahmaya, or ''Atahmaya'' was an Ancient Egypt, Egyptian official to pharaoh in the 1350 BC Amarna letters Text corpus, correspondence. His name comes from: 'Ptah-mes', meaning Ptah-Born, or ''"Born of Ptah"''. Tahmašši's name is used in 4 Amarna letters as follows-(EA for 'el Amarna'): :#EA 265–Tahmaya, Tahmaya :#EA 303–Tahmašši :#EA 316–Tahmaya :#Amarna letter EA 364, EA 364–Atahmaya—See Ayyab of Aštartu-(Tell-Ashtara) The letters EA 265: ''"A gift acknowledged"'' Letter two of three letters by Tagi (Ginti mayor), Tagi of Ginti, (Gintikirmil). :"To the king, my lord: Message of Tagi (Ginti mayor), Tagi, your servant. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord. My own man I sent along with [ ... ] to see the face of the king, my lord. [And] the king, my lord, [s]ent a ''present'' to me in the care of ''Tahmaya'', and ''Tahmaya'' gave (me) a gold goblet and 1[2 se]ts o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satatna
Satatna was the ruler of the city-state of Akko (modern Acre, Israel) around 1350 BC. At the time the city was a vassal of Egypt. Reign Satatna (or Sitatna,Šutatna/''Shutatna') was the ruler of Akko. Amarna Letters In the Amarna Archive, Satatna was the author of three letters (EA 233-235) to the Pharaoh. He is also mentioned letters by Bayadi a mayor in Syria (EA 238) and Burna-Buriash of Karduniash (Babylon) (EA 8). Amarna Letter EA 08. In a letter by Burna-Buriash addressed to "Naphu'rure" of Egypt (Akhenaten or Tutankhamen), he is complaining about his merchants being detained in Canaan. He states "''After Ahu-tabu went to my brother, in Hinnatuna of Canaan, Sum-Adda, the son of Balumme, and Sutatna, the son of Saratum of Akka, sent their men, killed my merchants and took away their money''".Moran 192:16 A list of Satatna authored letters is as follows: :#EA 233—title: ''"Work in progress"'' :#EA 234—title: ''"Like Magdalu in Egypt"''. See: commissioner: Šut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tell Jemmeh
Tell Jemmeh or Tell Gemmeh (), also known in Hebrew as Tel Gamma (תל גמה) or Tel Re'im (תל רעים), is a prominent mound, or tell (archaeology), tell, located in the region of the northwestern Negev and the southern Israeli coastal plain, coastal plain of Israel, about 12 km south of Gaza City, Gaza, bounded by the kibbutz of Re'im 2 km to the east, and the kibbutz of Kisufim 6 km to the west, and is 9 km east of the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean coast. The site is located at the confluence of two streams, Nahal Besor and Nahal Gerar. Both have changed their course in this area many times throughout history. Tell Jemmeh is one of three major sites along the Besor Stream along with Tell el-Far'ah (South), Tell el-Far'ah and Tell el-Ajjul. Some archaeologists identify the Besor Stream with the "Brook of Egypt" found in the Hebrew Bible (Torah). There are also a number of ancient sites to the east along the Gerar Stream. Tell Jemmeh is famous for t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdi-Ashirta
Abdi-Ashirta ( Akkadian: 𒀵𒀀𒅆𒅕𒋫 ''Warad-Ašîrta'' RAD2-A-ši-ir-ta fl. 14th century BC) was the ruler of Amurru who was in conflict with King Rib-Hadda of Byblos. While some contend that Amurru was a new kingdom in southern Syria subject to nominal Egyptian control, new research suggests that during Abdi-Ashirta's lifetime, Amurru was a "decentralized land" that consisted of several independent polities. Consequently, though Abdi-Ashirta had influence among these polities, he did not directly rule them. Rib-Hadda complained bitterly to Pharaoh Akhenaten — in the Amarna letters (EA) — of Abdi-Ashirta's attempts to alter the political landscape at the former's expense. Abdi-Ashirta's death is mentioned in EA 101 by Rib-Hadda in a letter to Akhenaten.Moran, p.174 Unfortunately for Rib-Hadda, Abdi-Ashirta was succeeded by his equally capable son Aziru, who would later capture, exile and likely kill Rib-Hadda. Aziru subsequently defected to the Hittites, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prostration Formula
In the 1350 BC correspondence of 382 letters, called the Amarna letters, the prostration formula is usually the opening subservient remarks to the addressee, the Egyptian pharaoh. The formula is based on prostration, namely reverence and submissiveness. Often the letters are from vassal rulers or vassal city-states, especially in Canaan but also in other localities. The formula is often repetitive, or multi-part, with parts seeming to repeat and can go forward in a typical standard format. However, the prostration formula may also be duplicated in a similar format at the end of a letter, or a foreshortened part of the formula may be entered, for effect, in the middle of a letter. Some example letters with the ''Prostration formula'' The letters EA 242 and 246 are from Biridiya of Magidda-(Megiddo), (EA for 'el Amarna'). Biridiya letter 242, no. 1 of 7: title: ''"Request granted"'' :Say to the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord and my Sun: Message-(' um– ma') of Biridiya, the r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dog (Amarna Letter Appellaton)
The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the gray wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it was selectively bred from a population of wolves during the Late Pleistocene by hunter-gatherers. The dog was the first species to be domesticated by humans, over 14,000 years ago and before the development of agriculture. Due to their long association with humans, dogs have gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids. Dogs have been bred for desired behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They have the same number of bones (with the exception of the tail), powerful jaws that house around 42 teeth, and well-developed senses of smell, hearing, and sight. Compared to humans, dogs possess a superior sense of smell and hearing, but inferior visual acuity. Dogs perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pullin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glass
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline solid, non-crystalline) solid. Because it is often transparency and translucency, transparent and chemically inert, glass has found widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics. Some common objects made of glass are named after the material, e.g., a Tumbler (glass), "glass" for drinking, "glasses" for vision correction, and a "magnifying glass". Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the Melting, molten form. Some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring, and obsidian has been used to make arrowheads and knives since the Stone Age. Archaeological evidence suggests glassmaking dates back to at least 3600 BC in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Egypt, or Syria. The earliest known glass objects were beads, perhaps created accidentally during metalworking or the production of faience, which is a form of pottery using lead glazes. Due to its ease of formability int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Towns Of Aram
A town is a type of a human settlement, generally larger than a village but smaller than a city. The criteria for distinguishing a town vary globally, often depending on factors such as population size, economic character, administrative status, or historical significance. In some regions, towns are formally defined by legal charters or government designations, while in others, the term is used informally. Towns typically feature centralized services, infrastructure, and governance, such as municipal authorities, and serve as hubs for commerce, education, and cultural activities within their regions. The concept of a town varies culturally and legally. For example, in the United Kingdom, a town may historically derive its status from a market town designation or City status in the United Kingdom, royal charter, while in the United States, the term is often loosely applied to incorporated municipality, municipalities. In some countries, such as Australia and Canada, distinction ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cuneiform Script
Cuneiform is a Logogram, logo-Syllabary, syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. Cuneiform scripts are marked by and named for the characteristic wedge-shaped impressions (Latin: ) which form their Grapheme, signs. Cuneiform is the History of writing#Inventions of writing, earliest known writing system and was originally developed to write the Sumerian language of southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Over the course of its history, cuneiform was adapted to write a number of languages in addition to Sumerian. Akkadian language, Akkadian texts are attested from the 24th century BC onward and make up the bulk of the cuneiform record. Akkadian cuneiform was itself adapted to write the Hittite language in the early second millennium BC. The other languages with significant cuneiform Text corpus, corpora are Eblaite language, Eblaite, Elamit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yidya
Yidya, and also Idiya, was the Canaanite mayor/ruler of ancient Ašqaluna in the 1350- 1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Yidya is mainly referenced in the Amarna letters corpus, in his own letters: EA 320–326, (EA for 'el Amarna'). However, the other reference to Yidya is a letter from the pharaoh to his vassal Yidya, letter EA 370. The titles of Yidya's letters are as follows: :EA 320—title: ''"Listening carefully (1)"'' :EA 321—title: ''"Listening carefully (2)"'' :EA 322—title: ''"Listening carefully (3)"'' : EA 323—title: ''"A royal order for glass"'' :EA 324—title: ''"Preparations completed (1)"'' : EA 325—title: ''"Preparations Completed (2)"'' :EA 326—title: ''"A new commissioner"'' The letters of ''Yidya'' EA 370, title: ''"From the Pharaoh to a vassal"'' :"Say to ''Idiya'', the ruler of Ašqaluna: Thus the king. He herewith dispatches to you this tablet-(i.e. tablet-letter), saying to you, Be on your guard. You are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
