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Pu-Ba'lu
Pu-Ba'lu, (another spelling, also Pu-Bahla) was ruler/mayor of Yursa, (a city/city-state in Canaan(?)), identified with Tell Jemmeh, of the 1350 BC, 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters Text corpus, correspondence. His name translates in west semitic as well as in Akkadian language, Akkadian as: "word/mouth (of) Baal", the '' 'Spokesman (of) Baal' '', (–or 'Baal's Voice'). Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa is the author of three letters to pharaoh. See: Yursa The three Amarna letters, (EA (el Amarna), EA for 'el Amarna') to pharaoh from Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa are: :EA 314—Title: ''"A shipment of glass"'' :EA 315—Title: ''"Like a command of the Sun"''–See: Reanap :EA 316—Title: ''"Postscript to the royal scribe"''–See: Tahmašši Of the entire Amarna letters 382–letter Text corpus, corpus, Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa is only referenced in letters 314, and 315, as: ''"..Pu-Ba'lu, the ruler of Yursa"'', and EA 316, as "Pu-Ba'lu". One other reference in EA 104, entitled: ''"Ulla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yursa
Yursa was a town from the 1350 BC, 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters Text corpus, correspondence. The site, a city/city-state, is probably in the southern Canaan close to Gaza city, Gaza. Some scholars identify it with Tell Jemmeh. In the 382–letter correspondence it is the location of its mayor/ruler, Pu-Ba'lu, who authored 3 letters written to the pharaoh, namely EA , (EA (el Amarna), EA for 'el Amarna'). The three letters to the pharaoh from Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa are: :EA 314—Title: "A shipment of glass" :EA 315—Title: "Like a command of the Ra, Sun"–See: Reanap :EA 316—Title: "Postscript to the royal scribe"–See: Tahmašši Of the entire Amarna letters 382–letter Text corpus, corpus, Yursa is only referenced in letters 314, and 315, as: ''"..Pu-Ba'lu, the ruler of Yursa"''. Example letter of ''Yursa''/Pu-Ba'lu EA 314, title: "A shipment of glass" :"To the king (i.e. Pharaoh), my lord, my god, my Sun, the Sun from the sky: Message of Pu-Ba'lu, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reanap
Reanap, also Reanapa (cuneiform: ''ri-a-na-pa'') was an ancient Egyptian commissioner, of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters, written from a 15–20 year time period. Of the 382 El-Amarna letters correspondence, Reanapa is referenced in three: :* EA 292–Titled: ''Like a pot held in pledge, '' see Adda-danu. :* EA 315–Titled: ''"Like a command of the Sun"'' :* EA 326–Titled: ''"A new commissioner"'' Two short letters The topic of two short letters, EA 315, and 326 is ''Reanapa'', and no intrigues of other cities/city-states, or individuals, are involved. The prostration formula to the pharaoh, and subservience to the king's authority can be seen. EA 315, by Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa Letter no. 2 of 3 by Pu-Ba'lu: :o the kin, my lord, my god, the Sun from the sky: Message of Pu-Ba'lu, the ruler of Yursa, the dirt at your feet. I indeed prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times, on the back and on the sto ah. :I am indeed guard ngthe city of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tahmašši
Tahmašši, or ''Takhmašši'', and also known by his hypocoristicon or pet name: Tahmaya, or ''Atahmaya'' was an Egyptian official to pharaoh in the 1350 BC Amarna letters correspondence. His name comes from: 'Ptah-mes', meaning Ptah-Born, or ''"Born of Ptah"''. ---- Tahmašši's name is used in 4 Amarna letters as follows-(EA for 'el Amarna'): :#EA 265–Tahmaya, Tahmaya :#EA 303–Tahmašši :#EA 316–Tahmaya :# EA 364–Atahmaya—See Ayyab of Aštartu-(Tell-Ashtara) The letters EA 265: ''"A gift acknowledged"'' Letter two of three letters by Tagi of Ginti, (Gintikirmil). :"To the king, my lord: Message of Tagi, your servant. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord. My own man I sent along with ... to see the face of the king, my lord. ndthe king, my lord, nt a ''present'' to me in the care of ''Tahmaya'', and ''Tahmaya'' gave (me) a gold goblet and 1 ses of linen garments. For the information f the kin, my lord. -EA 265, lines 1-15 (~complete) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satatna
Satatna, or Sitatna, and also Šutatna/''Shutatna''-(of a Babylonian letter of Burna-Buriash), was a 'Mayor'/Ruler of Akka, or '' Acco'', modern Acre, Israel, during the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Satatna was the author of three letters to the Egyptian pharaoh, letters EA 233–235, (EA for 'el Amarna'). He is referenced in another minor vassal letter of Ruler: " Bayadi of Syria", and he is also referred to in EA 8, by Burna-Buriash as ''"..Šutatna, the son of Šaratum-( Surata) of Akka..."'' A list of Satatna authored letters is as follows: :#EA 233—title: ''"Work in progress"'' :#EA 234—title: ''"Like Magdalu in Egypt"''. See: commissioner: Šuta. :#EA 235—title: ''"An order for glass"'' Satatna's Amarna letters EA 233, "Work in progress" :Say to the king, ord the Sun from he sky Message of ''Satatna'' the ruler of Akka, your servant, the servant of the king and the dirt at his feet and the ground on which he treads, I prostrate mysel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tell Jemmeh
Tell Jemmeh ( ar, تل جمه), also known in Hebrew as Tel Gamma (תל גמה) or Tel Re'im (תל רעים), is a prominent mound, or tell (archaeology), tell, located in the region of the northwestern Negev and the southern Israeli coastal plain, coastal plain of Israel, about 12 km south of Gaza City, Gaza, bounded by the kibbutz of Re'im 2 km to the east, and the kibbutz of Kisufim 6 km to the west, and is 9 km east of the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean coast. The site is located at the confluence of two streams, Nahal Besor and Nahal Gerar. Both have changed their course in this area many times throughout history. Re'im is a modern secular kibbutz town located to the east nearby. Tell Jemmeh is one of three major sites along the Besor Stream along with Tell el-Far'ah (South), Tell el-Far'ah and Tell el-Ajjul. Some archaeologists identify the Besor Stream with the "Brook of Egypt" found in the Hebrew Bible (Torah). There are also a number of ancient sites ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amarna Letters–localities And Their Rulers
This is a list of Amarna letters –Text corpus, categorized by: Amarna letters–localities and their rulers. It includes countries, regions, and the cities or city-states. The regions are included in Canaan and the Levant. EA: '' 'el Amarna' ''–(Akhenaten's capitol of Akhetaten). The Amarna letters text corpus contains 382 numbered letters; there are "sub-Text corpora" in the letters, most notably the 68–letter ''corpus'' of Rib-Hadda of Gubla–(Byblos). Localities / Rulers Sub-corpus lists No. 201–206: ''"Ready for marching orders (1–6)"'' List of letters: EA 201–206.Actually authored by the same scribe. Also scribed EA 195, See: Prostration formula. Leaders only in reference Leaders that are only referred to in the letter corpus. See also * Foreign relations of Egypt during the Amarna period References * Moran, William L. ''The Amarna Letters The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amarna Letters
The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between the Ancient Egypt, Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru kingdom, Amurru, or neighboring kingdom leaders, during the New Kingdom, spanning a period of no more than thirty years between c. 1360–1332 BC (see Amarna letters#Chronology, here for dates).Moran, p.xxxiv The letters were found in Upper Egypt at el-Amarna, the modern name for the ancient Egyptian capital of ''Akhetaten'', founded by pharaoh Akhenaten (1350s–1330s BC) during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. The Amarna letters are unusual in Egyptological research, because they are written not in the language of ancient Egypt, but in cuneiform, the writing system of ancient Mesopotamia. Most are in a variety of Akkadian language, Akkadian sometim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prostration Formula
In the 1350 BC correspondence of 382–letters, called the Amarna letters, the prostration formula is usually the opening subservient remarks to the addressee, the Egyptian pharaoh. The formula is based on prostration, namely reverence and submissiveness. Often the letters are from vassal rulers or vassal city-states, especially in Canaan but also in other localities. The formula is often repetitive, or multi-part, with parts seeming to repeat and can go forward in a typical standard format. However, the prostration formula may also be duplicated in a similar format at the end of a letter, or a foreshortened part of the formula may be entered, for effect, in the middle of a letter. Some example letters with the ''Prostration formula'' The letters EA 242 and 246 are from Biridiya of Magidda-(Megiddo), (EA for 'el Amarna'). Biridiya letter 242, no. 1 of 7: title: ''"Request granted"'' :Say to the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord and my Sun: Message-(' um– ma') of Biridiya, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dog (Amarna Letter Appellaton)
The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Dogs were the first species to be domesticated by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ago before the development of agriculture. Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids. The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glass
Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent, amorphous solid that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the molten form; some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring. The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of manufactured glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. Soda–lime glass, containing around 70% silica, accounts for around 90% of manufactured glass. The term ''glass'', in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, although silica-free glasses often have desirable properties for applications in modern communications technology. Some objects, such as drinking glasses and eyeglasses, are so commonly made of silicate-based glass that they are simply called by the name of the material. Despite bei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Towns Of Aram
A town is a human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages and smaller than cities, though the criteria to distinguish between them vary considerably in different parts of the world. Origin and use The word "town" shares an origin with the German word , the Dutch word , and the Old Norse . The original Proto-Germanic word, *''tūnan'', is thought to be an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *''dūnom'' (cf. Old Irish , Welsh ). The original sense of the word in both Germanic and Celtic was that of a fortress or an enclosure. Cognates of ''town'' in many modern Germanic languages designate a fence or a hedge. In English and Dutch, the meaning of the word took on the sense of the space which these fences enclosed, and through which a track must run. In England, a town was a small community that could not afford or was not allowed to build walls or other larger fortifications, and built a palisade or stockade instead. In the Netherlands, this space was a garden, more ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cuneiform Script
Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. It is named for the characteristic wedge-shaped impressions (Latin: ) which form its signs. Cuneiform was originally developed to write the Sumerian language of southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system. Over the course of its history, cuneiform was adapted to write a number of languages in addition to Sumerian. Akkadian texts are attested from the 24th century BC onward and make up the bulk of the cuneiform record. Akkadian cuneiform was itself adapted to write the Hittite language in the early second millennium BC. The other languages with significant cuneiform corpora are Eblaite, Elamite, Hurrian, Luwian, and Urartian. The Old Persian and Ugaritic alphabets feature cuneiform-style signs; however, they are unrelated to the cuneiform log ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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