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Psydrax Manambyana
''Psydrax'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas in the paleotropics. Taxonomy The genus was named by Joseph Gaertner in 1788 in his book, '' De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum''. ''Psydrax'' is a Greek word meaning a blister or bump. Gaertner may have chosen this name to refer to the warty fruit or the pimply seeds of some species. The name was hardly ever used after Gaertner proposed it because most authors placed these species in '' Canthium''. ''Psydrax'' was reinstated in 1985 and 37 African species were transferred to it from '' Canthium''. The monospecific genus ''Mesoptera'' was also sunk into ''Psydrax''. ''Psydrax'' was shown to be monophyletic in a molecular phylogenetic study. It is closely related to ''Afrocanthium'', '' Cyclophyllum'' and '' Keetia'', genera that have been segregated from '' Canthium''. Species * '' Psydrax acutiflora'' (Hiern) Bridson * '' Psydrax ammophila'' S.T.Reynol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psydrax Odorata
''Psydrax odorata'', known as ''alahee'' in Hawaiian, is a species of flowering shrub or small tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae. It is native to the Pacific Islands, New Guinea and Australia. Description The species range from in height, has a spread of , and a trunk width of up to . The leaves are glossy green in colour, are up to long and elliptic. The fruits of the plant are quite round, are black in colour and 3/8 wide. Ecology The fruits produce many seeds which are often attacked by the larvae of '' Alucita objurgatella'', a species of the many-plumed moths. Habitat The species can be found growing in dry shrub land and in dry to moist forests at elevations of up to . Uses Native Hawaiians used the very hard wood of ''alahee'' to make ''koi alahee'' (adzes for cutting softer woods such as ''Erythrina sandwicensis''), ''ōō'' (digging sticks), and ''o'' (short spears). A black dye was made from the leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Fructibus Et Seminibus Plantarum
''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum'', also known by its standard botanical abbreviation ''Fruct. Sem. Pl.'', is a three-volume botanic treatise by Joseph Gaertner. The first volume was published in December 1788. The second volume was published in four parts, in 1790, 1791, 1791 and 1792 respectively. A third volume was published after Gaertner's death by his son Karl Friedrich von Gaertner from 1805 to 1807; this final volume is also known as Supplementum Carpologicae, abbreviated as ''Suppl. Carp.''. Most of the illustrations for the work were done by Johann Georg Sturm (1742-1793). ''De Fructibus'' was based on specimens of over a thousand genera, including Australian and Pacific specimens from the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, and South African specimens from the collection of Carl Peter Thunberg. It was essentially a study of fruits and seeds, but the resultant classification was outstanding for its time. Julius von Sachs claimed that the work "forms an epoch in the his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psydrax Amplifolia
''Psydrax'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas in the paleotropics. Taxonomy The genus was named by Joseph Gaertner in 1788 in his book, ''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum''. ''Psydrax'' is a Greek word meaning a blister or bump. Gaertner may have chosen this name to refer to the warty fruit or the pimply seeds of some species. The name was hardly ever used after Gaertner proposed it because most authors placed these species in ''Canthium''. ''Psydrax'' was reinstated in 1985 and 37 African species were transferred to it from ''Canthium''. The monospecific genus ''Mesoptera'' was also sunk into ''Psydrax''. ''Psydrax'' was shown to be monophyletic in a molecular phylogenetic study. It is closely related to ''Afrocanthium'', ''Cyclophyllum'' and ''Keetia'', genera that have been segregated from ''Canthium''. Species * ''Psydrax acutiflora'' (Hiern) Bridson * ''Psydrax ammophila'' S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psydrax Ammophila
''Psydrax'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas in the paleotropics. Taxonomy The genus was named by Joseph Gaertner in 1788 in his book, ''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum''. ''Psydrax'' is a Greek word meaning a blister or bump. Gaertner may have chosen this name to refer to the warty fruit or the pimply seeds of some species. The name was hardly ever used after Gaertner proposed it because most authors placed these species in ''Canthium''. ''Psydrax'' was reinstated in 1985 and 37 African species were transferred to it from ''Canthium''. The monospecific genus ''Mesoptera'' was also sunk into ''Psydrax''. ''Psydrax'' was shown to be monophyletic in a molecular phylogenetic study. It is closely related to ''Afrocanthium'', ''Cyclophyllum'' and ''Keetia'', genera that have been segregated from ''Canthium''. Species * ''Psydrax acutiflora'' (Hiern) Bridson * ''Psydrax ammophila'' S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psydrax Acutiflora
''Psydrax'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas in the paleotropics. Taxonomy The genus was named by Joseph Gaertner in 1788 in his book, ''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum''. ''Psydrax'' is a Greek word meaning a blister or bump. Gaertner may have chosen this name to refer to the warty fruit or the pimply seeds of some species. The name was hardly ever used after Gaertner proposed it because most authors placed these species in ''Canthium''. ''Psydrax'' was reinstated in 1985 and 37 African species were transferred to it from ''Canthium''. The monospecific genus ''Mesoptera'' was also sunk into ''Psydrax''. ''Psydrax'' was shown to be monophyletic in a molecular phylogenetic study. It is closely related to ''Afrocanthium'', ''Cyclophyllum'' and ''Keetia'', genera that have been segregated from ''Canthium''. Species * ''Psydrax acutiflora'' (Hiern) Bridson * ''Psydrax ammophila'' S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Segregate (taxonomy)
In taxonomy, a segregate, or a segregate taxon is created when a taxon is split off from another taxon. This other taxon will be better known, usually bigger, and will continue to exist, even after the segregate taxon has been split off. A segregate will be either new or ephemeral: there is a tendency for taxonomists to disagree on segregates, and later workers often reunite a segregate with the 'mother' taxon. If a segregate is generally accepted as a 'good' taxon it ceases to be a segregate. Thus, this is a way of indicating change in the taxonomic status. It should not be confused with, for example, the subdivision of a genus into subgenera. :For example, the genus ''Alsobia'' is a ''segregate'' from the genus ''Episcia''; The genera ''Filipendula'' and ''Aruncus'' are segregates from the genus ''Spiraea''. External links A more detailed explanation with multiple examples on mushroom A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keetia
''Keetia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of climbers or scrambling shrubs, rarely small trees. Distribution The genus has a wide distribution area and occurs in tropical and southern Africa. Taxonomy It was originally described by Edwin Percy Phillips in 1926Phillips EP. 1926 "The genera of South African flowering plants, Edition 2." ''Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa'' 10. and is named after J.D.M Keet, a South African forester and plant collector. The type species was ''Keetia transvaalensis'', which received its name from the region it was first collected, but is now included in ''Keetia gueinzii''. Species * '' Keetia abouabou'' Cheek * '' Keetia acuminata'' Bridson * '' Keetia angustifolia'' Bridson * '' Keetia bakossiorum'' Cheek * ''Keetia bridsoniae'' Jongkind * '' Keetia carmichaelii'' Bridson * '' Keetia cornelia'' (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bridson * '' Keetia ferruginea'' Bridson * '' Keetia foetida'' Bridson * '' Keetia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclophyllum
''Cyclophyllum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is found from New Guinea, Australia and on islands in many parts of the Pacific. Species * ''Cyclophyllum baladense'' Guillaumin * '' Cyclophyllum balansae'' (Baill.) Guillaumin * ''Cyclophyllum barbatum'' (G.Forst.) N.Hallé & J.Florence * ''Cyclophyllum brevipes'' (Merr. & L.M.Perry) S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend. * '' Cyclophyllum calyculatum'' Guillaumin * '' Cyclophyllum cardiocarpum'' (Baill.) Guillaumin * '' Cyclophyllum caudatum'' (Valeton) A.P.Davis & Ruhsam * ''Cyclophyllum coprosmoides'' (F.Muell.) S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend. * ''Cyclophyllum costatum'' (C.T.White) S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend. * '' Cyclophyllum cymosum'' S.Moore * '' Cyclophyllum deplanchei'' Hook.f. * ''Cyclophyllum fragrans'' (Schltr. & K.Krause) Mouly * '' Cyclophyllum francii'' Guillaumin * ''Cyclophyllum guillauminianum'' Baum.-Bod. ex Mouly & Jeanson * ''Cyclophyllum henriettiae'' (Baill.) Guillaumin * ''Cyclophyllum jasminifoli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afrocanthium
''Afrocanthium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of deciduous, unarmed trees, and shrubs. They are native to East Africa, from Sudan and Ethiopia to South Africa. Taxonomy ''Afrocanthium'' was first recognized as a distinct group in 1991, when it was named as a subgenus of '' Canthium''. It was described and compared to the other subgenera in 1992. In 2004, a molecular phylogenetic study of DNA sequences showed that ''Afrocanthium'' is monophyletic and not most closely related to the other subgenera of ''Canthium''. The authors of this study raised ''Afrocanthium'', unaltered, to generic status. It is sister to '' Keetia'', a genus that was segregated from ''Canthium'' in 1986. Species * '' Afrocanthium burttii'' ( Bullock) Lantz * ''Afrocanthium gilfillanii'' (N.E.Br.) Lantz * '' Afrocanthium keniense'' ( Bullock) Lantz * '' Afrocanthium kilifiense'' ( Bridson) Lantz * ''Afrocanthium lactescens'' ( Hiern) Lantz * ''Afrocanthium mun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Research
Research is "creativity, creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, Discovery (observation), discovery, interpretation (philosophy), interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemology, epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical framew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly. The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic group'' consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. A '' polyphyletic group'' is characterized by convergent features or habits of scientific interest (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects). The features by which a polyphyletic group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor. These definitions have tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
