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Pseudomonas Phage F116 Holin
The ''Pseudomonas'' phage F116 holin is a non-characterized holin homologous to one in '' Neisseria gonorrheae'' that has been characterized. This protein is the prototype of the ''Pseudomonas'' phage F116 holin (F116 Holin) familyTC# 1.E.25, which is a member of the Holin Superfamily II. Bioinformatic analysis of the genome sequence of ''N. gonorrhoeae'' revealed the presence of nine probable prophage islands. The genomic sequence of FA1090 identified five genomic regions (NgoPhi1 - 5) that are related to dsDNA lysogenic phage. The DNA sequences from NgoPhi1, NgoPhi2 and NgoPhi3 contained regions of identity. A region of NgoPhi2 showed high similarity with the '' Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' generalized transducing phage F116. NgoPhi1 and NgoPhi2 encode functionally active phages. The holin gene of NgoPhi1 (identical to that encoded by NgoPhi2), when expressed in ''E. coli'', could substitute for the phage lambda S gene. See also * Holin * Lysin Lysins, also known as endolysins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'', also known as ''gonococcus'' (singular), or ''gonococci'' (plural), is a species of Gram-negative diplococci bacteria isolated by Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser, Albert Neisser in 1879. It causes the sexually transmitted infection, sexually transmitted genitourinary infection gonorrhea as well as other forms of gonococcal disease including disseminated gonococcemia, septic arthritis, and gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. It is oxidase test, oxidase positive and aerobic, and it survives phagocyte, phagocytosis and grows inside neutrophils. Microbiological culture, Culturing it requires carbon dioxide supplementation and enriched agar (chocolate agar) with various antibiotics (Thayer–Martin agar, Thayer–Martin). It exhibits antigenic variation through genetic recombination of its pilus, pili and surface proteins that interact with the immune system. Sexual transmission is through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Sexual transmission may be prevented throu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holin Superfamily II
The Holin superfamily II is a superfamily of putative pore-forming proteins. It is one of the seven different holin superfamilies in total. In general, these proteins are thought to play a role in regulated cell death, although functionality varies between families and individual members. The Holin superfamily II includes the TC families: 1.E.1- The P21 Holin S (P21 Holin) Family 1.E.6- The T7 Holin (T7 Holin) Family 1.E.7- The HP1 Holin (HP1 Holin) Family 1.E.25- The ''Pseudomonas'' phage F116 Holin (F116 Holin) Family 1.E.50- The Beta-Proteobacterial Holin (BP-Hol) Family All four of these families are derived from Pseudomonadota and are of relatively small sizes, the average size of the proteins within the entire superfamily is 78 ± 14 amino acyl residues (aas). Some exceptions can be found (i.e., Lysis S family protein with 720 aasTC# 1.E.1.1.7. As in holin superfamily I, proteins in these families generally exhibit of 2 transmembrane spanners (TMSs). Families 1 and 6 i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' is a common encapsulated, gram-negative, aerobic–facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. A species of considerable medical importance, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a multidrug resistant pathogen recognized for its ubiquity, its intrinsically advanced antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and its association with serious illnesses – hospital-acquired infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and various sepsis syndromes. The organism is considered opportunistic insofar as serious infection often occurs during existing diseases or conditions – most notably cystic fibrosis and traumatic burns. It generally affects the immunocompromised but can also infect the immunocompetent as in hot tub folliculitis. Treatment of ''P. aeruginosa'' infections can be difficult due to its natural resistance to antibiotics. When more advanced antibiotic drug regimens are needed adverse effects may re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holin
Holins are a diverse group of small proteins produced by dsDNA bacteriophages in order to trigger and control the degradation of the host's cell wall at the end of the lytic cycle. Holins form pores in the host's cell membrane, allowing lysins to reach and degrade peptidoglycan, a component of bacterial cell walls. Holins have been shown to regulate the timing of lysis with great precision. Over 50 unrelated gene families encode holins, making them the most diverse group of proteins with common function. Together with lysins, holins are being studied for their potential use as antibacterial agents. While canonical holins act by forming large pores, pinholins such as the S protein of lambdoid phage 21 act by forming heptameric channels that depolarize the bacterial membrane. They are associated with SAR endolysins, which remain inactive in the periplasm prior to the depolarization of the membrane. Viruses that infect eukaryotic cells may use similar channel-forming proteins called ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lysin
Lysins, also known as endolysins or murein hydrolases, are hydrolytic enzymes produced by bacteriophages in order to cleave the host's cell wall during the final stage of the lytic cycle. Lysins are highly evolved enzymes that are able to target one of the five bonds in peptidoglycan (murein), the main component of bacterial cell walls, which allows the release of progeny virions from the lysed cell. Cell-wall-containing Archaea are also lysed by specialized pseudomurein-cleaving lysins, while most archaeal viruses employ alternative mechanisms. Similarly, not all bacteriophages synthesize lysins: some small single-stranded DNA and RNA phages produce membrane proteins that activate the host's autolytic mechanisms such as autolysins. Lysins are being used as antibacterial agents due to their high effectiveness and specificity in comparison with antibiotics, which are susceptible to bacterial resistance. Structure Double-stranded DNA phage lysins tend to lie within the 25 to 40 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holins
Holins are a diverse group of small proteins produced by dsDNA bacteriophages in order to trigger and control the degradation of the host's cell wall at the end of the lytic cycle. Holins form pores in the host's cell membrane, allowing lysins to reach and degrade peptidoglycan, a component of bacterial cell walls. Holins have been shown to regulate the timing of lysis with great precision. Over 50 unrelated gene families encode holins, making them the most diverse group of proteins with common function. Together with lysins, holins are being studied for their potential use as antibacterial agents. While canonical holins act by forming large pores, pinholins such as the S protein of lambdoid phage 21 act by forming heptameric channels that depolarize the bacterial membrane. They are associated with SAR endolysins, which remain inactive in the periplasm prior to the depolarization of the membrane. Viruses that infect eukaryotic cells may use similar channel-forming proteins calle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
