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Pluteus Albostipitatus
''Pluteus'' is a large genus of fungi with over 300 species. They are wood rotting saprobes with pink spore prints and gills that are free from the stem. The Latin word ''Pluteus'' means ''shed or penthouse''. Characteristics of the genus Characteristics of the ''Pluteus'' genus are: #These fungi grow on wood or wood remains. #The spore powder is deep pink, soon giving a pink tint to the initially pale gills. #The gills are free from the stipe. #There is no volva or ring (exception: the rare recently reclassified North American species ''P. mammillatus'', previously ''Chamaeota sphaerospora''). #Microscopically, they often have abundant, distinctive cystidia. The spores are smooth and roughly egg-shaped. ''Pluteus'' is separated from '' Volvariella'' due to the lack of a volva, and from '' Entoloma'' by growing on wood and by microscopic features (''Entolomas'' have angular spores). Naming The name ''Pluteus'' was established in 1837 by the founding mycologist Elias ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pluteus Cervinus
''Pluteus cervinus'', also known as ''Pluteus atricapillus'' and commonly known as the deer shield or the deer or fawn mushroom, is a mushroom that belongs to the large genus ''Pluteus''. It is found on rotten logs, roots and tree stumps and is widely distributed. It can also grow on sawdust and other wood waste. Being very variable in appearance, it has been divided into several varieties or subspecies, some of which are sometimes considered species in their own right. It is edible when young, but considered by some to be of poor quality and is not often collected for the table. Taxonomy The species name, ''cervinus'', although generally thought to refer to the colour of the cap, actually refers to antler-like protrusions on its prominent thick-walled pleurocystidia (of which there can be one to three). Description The cap ranges from in diameter. Initially it is bell-shaped, and often wrinkled when young. Later it expands to a convex shape. The cap can be deer-brown, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saprobic
Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi (for example ''Mucor'') and soil bacteria. Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are sometimes called saprobes; saprotrophic plants or bacterial flora are called saprophytes ( sapro- 'rotten material' + -phyte 'plant'), although it is now believed that all plants previously thought to be saprotrophic are in fact parasites of microscopic fungi or other plants. The process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae. states the purpose of saprotrophs and their internal nutrition, as well as the main two types of fungi that are most often referred to, as well as describes, visually, the process of saprotrophic nutrition through a diagram of hyph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pluteus
''Pluteus'' is a large genus of fungi with over 300 species. They are wood rotting saprobes with pink spore prints and gills that are free from the stem. The Latin word ''Pluteus'' means ''shed or penthouse''. Characteristics of the genus Characteristics of the ''Pluteus'' genus are: #These fungi grow on wood or wood remains. #The spore powder is deep pink, soon giving a pink tint to the initially pale gills. #The gills are free from the stipe. #There is no volva or ring (exception: the rare recently reclassified North American species ''P. mammillatus'', previously ''Chamaeota sphaerospora''). #Microscopically, they often have abundant, distinctive cystidia. The spores are smooth and roughly egg-shaped. ''Pluteus'' is separated from ''Volvariella'' due to the lack of a volva, and from ''Entoloma'' by growing on wood and by microscopic features (''Entolomas'' have angular spores). Naming The name ''Pluteus'' was established in 1837 by the founding mycologist Elias Magnus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Pluteus Species
This is an incomplete list of species in the agaric genus ''Pluteus''. Species of ''Pluteus'' are commonly found growing on woody substrates including stumps, logs, fallen branches, woody debris such as sawdust, and buried wood. Three sections are widely accepted in ''Pluteus'', including ''Pluteus'', ''Hispidoderma'' Fayod, and ''Celluloderma'' Fayod. Section ''Pluteus'' is characterized by fruit bodies with a filamentous cap cuticle (pileipellis) and thick-walled pleurocystidia A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that ar .... Section ''Hispidoderma'' consists of species with a filamentous pileipellis and thin-walled pleurocystidia. Section ''Celluloderma'' is defined by a cystoderm pileipellis composed of ellipsoid to saccate-pyriform to vesiculose cells with or without cysti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pluteus Phaeocyanopus
''Pluteus phaeocyanopus'' is an agaric fungus in the family Pluteaceae. Described as a new species in 2010, it has only been collected from California, where it grows singularly or in groups on the decaying wood of oak. The fruit body has a smooth brown cap measuring in diameter. The stipe is long by thick, and roughly equal in width throughout. It is whitish but becomes grayish-green near the base. The thin and fragile gills are free from attachment to the stipe, close to somewhat distantly placed, and interspersed with several tiers of lamellulae (short gills). The flesh has no distinctive taste or odor. The spores are spherical or nearly so and measure 6.2–8.4 by 5.7–7.9 μm. The species was originally collected from San Francisco (California) in 1966 by American mycologist Harry D. Thiers and assigned to ''Pluteus cyanopus ''Pluteus cyanopus'' is a species of agaric fungus in the family Pluteaceae. Found in Africa, Europe, and North America, its fruit bodies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybin
Psilocybin ( , ) is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of fungi. The most potent are members of the genus ''Psilocybe'', such as '' P. azurescens'', '' P. semilanceata'', and '' P. cyanescens'', but psilocybin has also been isolated from about a dozen other genera. Psilocybin is itself biologically inactive but is quickly converted by the body to psilocin, which has mind-altering effects similar, in some aspects, to those of LSD, mescaline, and DMT. In general, the effects include euphoria, visual and mental hallucinations, changes in perception, a distorted sense of time, and perceived spiritual experiences. It can also cause adverse reactions such as nausea and panic attacks. Imagery found on prehistoric murals and rock paintings of modern-day Spain and Algeria suggests that human usage of psilocybin mushrooms predates recorded history. In Mesoamerica, the mushrooms had long been consumed in spiritual and div ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entoloma
''Entoloma'' is a large genus of terrestrial pink-gilled mushrooms, with about 1,000 species. Most have a drab appearance, pink gills which are attached to the stem, a smooth thick cap, and angular spores. Many entolomas are saprobic but some are mycorrhizal. The best-known member of the genus is the livid agaric (''Entoloma sinuatum''), responsible for a number of poisonings over the years in Europe and North America, and '' Entoloma rhodopolium'' in Japan. Some southern hemisphere species such as ''Entoloma rodwayi'' and '' Entoloma viridomarginatum'' from Australia, and ''Entoloma hochstetteri'' from New Zealand, are very colourful, with caps of unusual shades of green and blue-green. Most entolomas are dull shades of olive, brown, or grey. Etymology The part '' ἐντός'' means "within, inside". The part "loma" is a noun-forming element derived from Greek '' λῶμ(α)'', "fringe, hem" and used in the botanical taxonomy for naming plants distinguished by having a fri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volva (mycology)
In mycology, a volva is a cup-like structure at the base of a mushroom that is a remnant of the universal veil, or the remains of the peridium that encloses the immature fruit bodies of gasteroid fungi. This macrofeature is important in wild mushroom identification because it is an easily observed, taxonomically significant feature that frequently signifies a member of Amanitaceae. This has particular importance due to the disproportionately high number of deadly poisonous species contained within that family. A mushroom's volva is often partially or completely buried in the ground, and therefore care must be taken to check for its presence when identifying mushrooms. Cutting or pulling mushrooms and attempting to identify them later without having noted this feature could be a fatal error. References {{Reflist, refs= {{cite book , vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA , title=Dictionary of the Fungi , edition=10th , publisher=CAB International , location=Wallin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volvariella
''Volvariella'' is a genus of mushrooms with deep salmon pink gills and spore prints. Description They lack a ring, and have an Amanita-like volva at the stem base. Some species of Amanita look similar, but Amanita has white spores and often have a ring. Since the gills of young ''Volvariella'' are white at first, they are more easily mistaken for ''Amanita''. The genus is estimated to contain about 50 species. Species Many sources list ''Volvariella'' as a member of the Pluteaceae family, but recent DNA studies have revealed that ''Pluteus'' and ''Volvariella'' evolved separately and have very different DNA. These studies show that ''Volvariella'' is very closely related to "schizophylloid" mushrooms like ''Schizophyllum commune''. Some species of ''Volvariella'' are popular edibles in Europe, accounting for 16% of total production of cultivated mushrooms in the world. Cultivation and edibility ''Volvariella volvacea'', well known as the "paddy straw mushroom", is cult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cystidium
A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that are often unique to a particular species or genus, they are a useful micromorphological characteristic in the identification of basidiomycetes. In general, the adaptive significance of cystidia is not well understood. Classification of cystidia By position Cystidia may occur on the edge of a lamella (or analogous hymenophoral structure) (cheilocystidia), on the face of a lamella (pleurocystidia), on the surface of the cap (dermatocystidia or pileocystidia), on the margin of the cap (circumcystidia) or on the stipe (caulocystidia). Especially the pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia are important for identification within many genera. Sometimes the cheilocystidia give the gill edge a distinct colour which is visible to the naked eye or wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stipe (mycology)
In mycology, a stipe () is the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal tissue. In many instances, however, the fertile hymenium extends down the stipe some distance. Fungi that have stipes are said to be stipitate. The evolutionary benefit of a stipe is generally considered to be in mediating spore dispersal. An elevated mushroom will more easily release its spores into wind currents or onto passing animals. Nevertheless, many mushrooms do not have stipes, including cup fungi, puffballs, earthstars, some polypores, jelly fungi, ergots, and smuts. It is often the case that features of the stipe are required to make a positive identification of a mushroom. Such distinguishing characters include: # the texture of the stipe (fibrous, brittle, chalky, leathery, firm, etc.) # whether it has remains of a partial veil (such as an annulus or cortina) or universal ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamella (mycology)
In mycology, a lamella, or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification. The attachment of the gills to the stem is classified based on the shape of the gills when viewed from the side, while color, crowding and the shape of individual gills can also be important features. Additionally, gills can have distinctive microscopic or macroscopic features. For instance, ''Lactarius'' species typically seep latex from their gills. It was originally believed that all gilled fungi were Agaricales, but as fungi were studied in more detail, some gilled species were demonstrated not to be. It is now clear that this is a case of convergent evolution (i.e. gill-like structures evolved separately) rather than being an anatomic feature that evolved only once. The apparent reason that various basidiomycetes have evolved gills is that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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