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Plane Sailing
Plane sailing (also, colloquially and historically, spelled plain sailing) is an approximate method of navigation over small ranges of latitude and longitude. With the course and distance known, the difference in latitude Δ''φAB'' between ''A'' and ''B'' can be found, as well as the departure, the distance made good east or west. The difference in longitude Δ''λAB'' is unknown and has to be calculated using meridional parts as in Mercator sailing. Both spellings ("plane" and "plain") have been in use for several centuries,''Oxford English Dictionary Plane sailing is based on the assumption that the meridian through the point of departure, the parallel through the destination, and the course line form a right triangle in a plane, called the "plane sailing triangle". The expressions "plane sailing" (or more commonly "plain sailing") has, by analogy, taken on a more general meaning of any activity that is relatively straightforward. See also * Rhumb line * Traverse sailing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plane Sailing
Plane sailing (also, colloquially and historically, spelled plain sailing) is an approximate method of navigation over small ranges of latitude and longitude. With the course and distance known, the difference in latitude Δ''φAB'' between ''A'' and ''B'' can be found, as well as the departure, the distance made good east or west. The difference in longitude Δ''λAB'' is unknown and has to be calculated using meridional parts as in Mercator sailing. Both spellings ("plane" and "plain") have been in use for several centuries,''Oxford English Dictionary Plane sailing is based on the assumption that the meridian through the point of departure, the parallel through the destination, and the course line form a right triangle in a plane, called the "plane sailing triangle". The expressions "plane sailing" (or more commonly "plain sailing") has, by analogy, taken on a more general meaning of any activity that is relatively straightforward. See also * Rhumb line * Traverse sailing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latitude
In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north– south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Latitude is given as an angle that ranges from –90° at the south pole to 90° at the north pole, with 0° at the Equator. Lines of constant latitude, or ''parallels'', run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude and ''longitude'' are used together as a coordinate pair to specify a location on the surface of the Earth. On its own, the term "latitude" normally refers to the ''geodetic latitude'' as defined below. Briefly, the geodetic latitude of a point is the angle formed between the vector perpendicular (or ''normal'') to the ellipsoidal surface from the point, and the plane of the equator. Background Two levels of abstraction are employed in the definitions of latitude and longitude. In the first step the physical surface is modeled by the geoid, a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the ocean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Longitude
Longitude (, ) is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Meridians are semicircular lines running from pole to pole that connect points with the same longitude. The prime meridian defines 0° longitude; by convention the International Reference Meridian for the Earth passes near the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England on the island of Great Britain. Positive longitudes are east of the prime meridian, and negative ones are west. Because of the Earth's rotation, there is a close connection between longitude and time measurement. Scientifically precise local time varies with longitude: a difference of 15° longitude corresponds to a one-hour difference in local time, due to the differing position in relation to the Sun. Comparing local time to an absolute measure of time allows ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Course (navigation)
In navigation, the course of a watercraft or aircraft is the cardinal direction in which the craft is to be steered. The course is to be distinguished from the ''heading'', which is the direction where the watercraft's bow or the aircraft's nose is pointed. Course, track, route and heading The path that a vessel follows over the ground is called a ''ground track'', ''course made good'' or ''course over the ground''. For an aircraft it is simply its ''track''. The intended track is a ''route''. For ships and aircraft, routes are typically straight-line segments between waypoints. A navigator determines the ''bearing'' (the compass direction from the craft's current position) of the next waypoint. Because water currents or wind can cause a craft to drift off course, a navigator sets a ''course to steer'' that compensates for drift. The helmsman or pilot points the craft on a ''heading'' that corresponds to the course to steer. If the predicted drift is correct, then the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distance
Distance is a numerical or occasionally qualitative measurement of how far apart objects or points are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length or an estimation based on other criteria (e.g. "two counties over"). Since spatial cognition is a rich source of conceptual metaphors in human thought, the term is also frequently used metaphorically to mean a measurement of the amount of difference between two similar objects (such as statistical distance between probability distributions or edit distance between strings of text) or a degree of separation (as exemplified by distance between people in a social network). Most such notions of distance, both physical and metaphorical, are formalized in mathematics using the notion of a metric space. In the social sciences, distance can refer to a qualitative measurement of separation, such as social distance or psychological distance. Distances in physics and geometry The distance between physical loca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meridional Parts
In mathematics, the Gudermannian function relates a hyperbolic angle measure \psi to a circular angle measure \phi called the ''gudermannian'' of \psi and denoted \operatorname\psi. The Gudermannian function reveals a close relationship between the circular functions and hyperbolic functions. It was introduced in the 1760s by Johann Heinrich Lambert, and later named for Christoph Gudermann who also described the relationship between circular and hyperbolic functions in 1830. The gudermannian is sometimes called the hyperbolic amplitude as a limiting case of the Jacobi elliptic amplitude \operatorname(\psi, m) when parameter m=1. The real Gudermannian function is typically defined for -\infty < \psi < \infty to be the integral of the hyperbolic secant The real inverse Gudermannian function can be defined for as the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerardus Mercator
Gerardus Mercator (; 5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a 16th-century geographer, cosmographer and cartographer from the County of Flanders. He is most renowned for creating the 1569 world map based on a new projection which represented sailing courses of constant bearing ( rhumb lines) as straight lines—an innovation that is still employed in nautical charts. Mercator was a highly influential pioneer in the history of cartography. Monmonier, Mark: ''Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection''. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004)Van der Krogt, Peter (2015), 'Chapter 6: Gerhard Mercator and his Cosmography: How the 'Atlas' became an Atlas,'; in: Gerhard Holzer, et al. (eds.), ''A World of Innovation: Cartography in the Time of Gerhard Mercator''. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015), pp. 112–130 Along with Gemma Frisius and Abraham Ortelius, he is generally considered one of the founders of the Netherlandish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhumb Line
In navigation, a rhumb line, rhumb (), or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, that is, a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true north. Introduction The effect of following a rhumb line course on the surface of a globe was first discussed by the Portuguese mathematician Pedro Nunes in 1537, in his ''Treatise in Defense of the Marine Chart'', with further mathematical development by Thomas Harriot in the 1590s. A rhumb line can be contrasted with a great circle, which is the path of shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere. On a great circle, the bearing to the destination point does not remain constant. If one were to drive a car along a great circle one would hold the steering wheel fixed, but to follow a rhumb line one would have to turn the wheel, turning it more sharply as the poles are approached. In other words, a great circle is locally "straight" with zero geodesic curvature, whereas a r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Traverse Sailing
Traverse may refer to: * Traverse (climbing), skiing, and in the engineering of roads into slopes * Traverse (surveying), a method of establishing basic points in the field * Movement of a machine slide on a machine tool * Traverse stage, a style of theatre seating or performance Other meanings: * TRAVERSE (software), accounting and business software * Traverse (gunnery), the horizontal field of fire of an artillery piece * Traverse (trench warfare), a development in trench design * Traverse (fortification), a mass of earth behind a military parapet * ''Traverse'' (magazine), a Northern Michigan regional monthly * Chevrolet Traverse, a 2009 sport-utility vehicle * Traverse County, Minnesota, a county in Minnesota * Traverse City, Michigan * Traverse, Michigan, an unincorporated community * Traverse Theatre, writing theatre in Scotland * Traverse Town The ''Kingdom Hearts'' video game series, developed by Square Enix in collaboration with Disney, is set in a universe c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parallel Sailing
Parallel is a geometric term of location which may refer to: Computing * Parallel algorithm * Parallel computing * Parallel metaheuristic * Parallel (software), a UNIX utility for running programs in parallel * Parallel Sysplex, a cluster of IBM mainframes * Parallel communication * Parallel port * Parallel ATA * Parallel Computers, Inc., an American computer manufacturer of the 1980s Mathematics and science * Parallel circuits, as opposed to series * Parallel (geometry) *Parallel (operator), mathematical function used in electrical engineering * Parallel postulate * Parallel evolution * Parallel transport *Parallel manipulator Navigation * Parallel (latitude), an imaginary east–west line circling a globe * Parallel of declination, used in astronomy Music and entertainment * ''Parallel'' (manga) * ''Parallel'' (2018 film), a Canadian science fiction thriller film * Parallel (2023 film) an upcoming American science fiction thriller film * Parallel key, the minor (or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mid-latitude Sailing
The middle latitudes (also called the mid-latitudes, sometimes midlatitudes, or moderate latitudes) are a spatial region on Earth located between the Tropic of Cancer (latitudes 23°26'22") to the Arctic Circle (66°33'39"), and Tropic of Capricorn (-23°26'22") to the Antarctic Circle (-66°33'39"). They include Earth's subtropical and temperate zones, which lie between the two tropics and the polar circles. Weather fronts and extratropical cyclones are usually found in this area, as well as occasional tropical cyclones or subtropical cyclones, which have traveled from their areas of formation closer to the Equator. The prevailing winds in the middle latitudes are often very strong. These parts of the world also see a wide variety of fast-changing weather as cold air masses from the poles and warm air masses from the tropics constantly push up and down over them against each other, sometimes alternating within hours of each other, especially in the roaring forties (latitude ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mercator Sailing
__NOTOC__ Mercator (Latin for "merchant") may refer to: People * Marius Mercator (c. 390–451), a Catholic ecclesiastical writer * Arnold Mercator, a 16th-century cartographer * Gerardus Mercator, a 16th-century cartographer ** Mercator 1569 world map ** Mercator projection, a cartographic projection devised by Gerardus Mercator * Rumold Mercator, a 16th-century cartographer * Nicholas Mercator, a 17th-century mathematician ** Mercator series, a representation of the natural logarithm Companies and universities * Mercator (retail), a Slovenian supermarket chain * Mercator-S, a retail company in Serbia, part of Agrokor Group * Mercator School of Management, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany * Mercator Limited, a shipping company in India * Mercator Corporation, a consulting firm and investment bank formed by James Giffen, involved with Kazakhgate Vehicles * ''Mercator'' (ship), a barquentine museum ship in Oostende, Belgium * P4M Mercator, a reconnaissance aircraft ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
