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Phytophthora Cambivora
''Phytophthora'' × ''cambivora'' is a plant pathogen that causes ink disease in European chestnut trees (''Castanea sativa''). Ink disease, also caused by ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'', is thought to have been present in Europe since the 18th century, and causes chestnut trees to wilt and die; major epidemics occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries. ''P. cinnamomi'' and ''P.'' × cambivora'' are now present throughout Europe since the 1990s. Ink disease has resurged, often causing high mortality of trees, particularly in Portugal, Italy, and France. It has also been isolated from a number of different species since the 1990s, including: *Golden chinquapin trees, (''Chrysolepis chrysophylla'') in Oregon, United States *''Rhododendron'' and ''Pieris'' species in North Carolina *Noble fir trees (''Abies procera'') in Norway *Beech trees (''Fagus sylvatica'') in Italy and Germany. Some species of mycorrhiza (including ''Amanita muscaria'', '' Suillellus luridus'', and ''Hebelo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lionello Petri
Lionello is a given name. Notable people with the name include: Given name: *Lionello Bononi, Italian of the Baroque period *Lionello Cecil (1893–1957), Australian operatic tenor *Lionello d'Este (1407–1450), marquis of Ferrara and Duke of Modena and Reggio Emilia from 1441 to 1450 *Lionello Grifo (born 1934), Italian poet and writer *Lionello Levi Sandri (1910–1991), Italian politician and European Commissioner *Lionello Manfredonia (born 1956), Italian former footballer *Lionello Spada (1576–1622), Italian painter of the Baroque period Surname: *Alberto Lionello (1930–1994), Italian film actor *Luca Lionello (born 1964), Italian actor *Oreste Lionello Oreste Lionello (18 April 1927 – 19 February 2009) was an Italian actor and voice actor. Biography Lionello was born in Rhodes (which was then a possession of Italy), to Calabrian parents, and grew up in Reggio Calabria. He began his career a ... (1927–2009), Italian actor and voice dubbing artist {{given name, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abies Procera
''Abies procera'', the noble fir, also called red fir and Christmas tree, is a species of fir native to the Cascade Range and Pacific Coast Ranges of the northwestern Pacific Coast of the United States. It occurs at altitudes of . Description ''A. procera'' is a large evergreen conifer with a narrow conic crown, growing up to tall and in trunk diameter, rarely to tall and thick. The bark on young trees is smooth and gray with resin blisters, becoming red-brown, rough and fissured on old trees, usually less than thick; the inner bark is reddish. The leaves are needle-like, long, glaucous blue-green above and below with strong stomal bands, and a blunt to notched tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but twisted slightly S-shaped to be upcurved above the shoot. The cones are erect, long and thick, with the purple scales almost completely hidden by the long exserted yellow-green bract scales; they ripen brown and disintegrate to release the winged seeds in fall. Via ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytophthora
''Phytophthora'' (from Greek language, Greek (''phytón''), "plant" and (), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water molds), whose member species are capable of causing enormous economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental degradation, environmental damage in natural ecosystems. As well as impacting large scale agriculture, ''Phytophthora'' is a nuisance to garden and indoor plant hobbyists as well as bonsai artists. The cell wall of ''Phytophthora'' is made up of cellulose. The genus was first described by Anton de Bary, Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1875. Approximately 170 species have been described, although 100–500 undiscovered ''Phytophthora'' species are estimated to exist. Pathogenicity ''Phytophthora'' species, spp. are mostly pathogens of dicotyledons, and many are relatively host-specific parasites. ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'', though, infects thousands of species ranging from club mosses, ferns, cycads, coni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilt Disease
A wilt disease is any number of diseases that affect the vascular system of plants. Attacks by fungi, bacteria, and nematodes can cause rapid killing of plants, large tree branches or even entire trees. Wilt diseases in woody plants tend to fall into two major categories, those that start with the branches and those that start with the roots. Those that start with the branches most often start with pathogens that feed on the leaves or bark, those that start with the roots start with wounding or direct entry by the pathogen into the roots, some are spread from one plant to another by way of root grafts. Pathogens that cause wilting diseases invade the vascular vessels and cause the xylem to fail to transport water to the foliage, thus causing wilting of stems and leaves. Wilt diseases Wilt diseases include: Bacterial wilt of cucurbits Bacterial wilt of cucurbits is cause by the bacteria ''Erwinia tracheiphila'', it affects cucumber, squash, muskmelon, pumpkin, gourds; certain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forest Pathology
Forest pathology is the research of both Biotic stress, biotic and Abiotic stress, abiotic maladies affecting the health of a forest ecosystem, primarily Fungal infection in plants, fungal pathogens and their insect vectors. It is a subfield of forestry and plant pathology. Forest pathology is part of the broader approach of forest protection. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million ha of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains. Abiotic factors There are a number of Abiotic component, abiotic factors which affect the health of a forest, such as moisture issues like drought, winter-drying, Waterlogging (agriculture), waterlogging resulting from over-abundance or lack of precipitation (meteorology), precipitation such as hail, snow, rain. Wind is also an important abiotic factor as windthrow (the uprooting or breaking of trees due to high winds) causes an obvious and direct loss of stability to a forest or its trees. Often, abio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebeloma Radicosum
''Hebeloma radicosum'', commonly known as the rooting poison pie, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) can be identified by the tapering root-like stipe base, as well as the almond-like odor. Found in Japan, Europe, and North America, it is an ammonia fungus, and fruits on mole, mouse, or shrew middens. Taxonomy The species was first described scientifically by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1784 as ''Agaricus radicosus''. Adalbert Ricken transferred it to ''Hebeloma'' in 1915. Historical synonyms have resulted from the transfer of the fungus to the genera ''Pholiota'' by Paul Kummer in 1871, ''Dryophila'' by Lucien Quélet in 1886, ''Myxocybe'' by Victor Fayod in 1889, and ''Roumeguerites'' by Marcel Locquin in 1979. Molecular analysis places the species in a basal position of the ''Myxocybe'' clade. This grouping of phylogenetically related species contains members that form a pseudorrhiza, such as '' H. dan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suillellus Luridus
''Suillellus luridus'' (formerly ''Boletus luridus''), commonly known as the lurid bolete, is a fungus of the family Boletaceae, found in calcareous broadleaved woodlands in Europe. Fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn and may be locally abundant. It is a firm bolete with an olive-brown cap up to in diameter, with small orange or red pores on the underside (yellow when young). The stout ochre stem reaches high and wide, and is patterned with a red network. Like several other red-pored boletes, it stains blue when bruised or cut. Edible and good when cooked. It can cause gastric upset when eaten raw and can be confused with the poisonous '' Boletus satanas''; as a result, some guidebooks recommend avoiding consumption altogether. When consumed with alcohol, ''Suillellus luridus'' has been implicated in causing adverse reactions similar to those caused by the compound coprine, though laboratory testing has not revealed any evidence of coprine in the mushroom. First desc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita Muscaria
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a basidiomycete of the genus ''Amanita''. It is also a muscimol mushroom. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine and birch plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. Arguably the most iconic toadstool species, the fly agaric is a large white- gilled, white-spotted, usually red mushroom, and is one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture, including in video games—e.g., the extensive use of a recognizable ''Amanita muscaria'' in the Mario franchise and its Super Mushroom power-up—and television—e.g., the houses in The Smurfs franchise. Despite its easily distinguishable features, ''Amanita muscaria'' is a fungus with several know ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycorrhiza
A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, its root system. Mycorrhizae play important roles in plant nutrition, soil biology, and soil chemistry. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus colonizes the host plant's root tissues, either intracellularly as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF or AM), or extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. The association is sometimes mutualistic. In particular species or in particular circumstances, mycorrhizae may have a parasitic association with host plants. Definition A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a green plant and a fungus. The plant makes organic molecules such as sugars by photosynthesis and supplies them to the fungus, and the fungus supplies to the plant water and mineral nutrients, such as phosp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fagus Sylvatica
''Fagus sylvatica'', the European beech or common beech is a deciduous tree belonging to the beech family Fagaceae. Description ''Fagus sylvatica'' is a large tree, capable of reaching heights of up to tall and trunk diameter, though more typically tall and up to trunk diameter. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about tall. It has a typical lifespan of 150–200 years, though sometimes up to 300 years. In cultivated forest stands trees are normally harvested at 80–120 years of age. 30 years are needed to attain full maturity (as compared to 40 for American beech). Like most trees, its form depends on the location: in forest areas, ''F. sylvatica'' grows to over , with branches being high up on the trunk. In open locations, it will become much shorter (typically ) and more massive. The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire or with a slightly crenate margin, long and 3–7 cm broad, with 6–7 veins on each side of the leaf (as opposed to 7–10 veins in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and South Carolina to the south, and Tennessee to the west. In the 2020 census, the state had a population of 10,439,388. Raleigh is the state's capital and Charlotte is its largest city. The Charlotte metropolitan area, with a population of 2,595,027 in 2020, is the most-populous metropolitan area in North Carolina, the 21st-most populous in the United States, and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City. The Raleigh-Durham-Cary combined statistical area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state and 32nd-most populous in the United States, with a population of 2,043,867 in 2020, and is home to the largest research park in the United States, Research Triangle Park. The earliest evidence of human occupation i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christine Buisman
Christine Johanna Buisman (; 22 March 1900 – 27 March 1936) was a Dutch phytopathologist who dedicated her short career to the research of Dutch elm disease and the selection of resistant elm seedlings. In 1927, Buisman provided the final proof that ''Graphium ulmi'' (later named ''Ophiostoma ulmi'') was the causal agent of the disease, concluding the controversy which had raged among Dutch and German scientists since 1922. Buisman developed the inoculation method for screening large numbers of elm plants for resistance, and in 1932 discovered the generative form of the fungus, ''Ceratostomella ulmi''. The first ever resistant elm clone released in the Netherlands was named for her in 1937, following her untimely death the previous year.Heybroek, H. M. and Nijboer, R. (2013). ''Christine Johanna Buisman in Italy''. p. 4–6. Private publication, Netherlands. Biography Buisman was the eldest of four children raised in a liberal and socially conscious family in Leeuwarden. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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