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Perphenazine Enanthate
Perphenazine enanthate, sold under the brand name Trilafon Enantat among others, is a typical antipsychotic and a depot antipsychotic ester which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and has been marketed in Europe. It is formulated in sesame oil and administered by intramuscular injection and acts as a long-lasting prodrug of perphenazine. Perphenazine enanthate is used at a dose of 25 to 200 mg once every 2 weeks by injection, with a time to peak levels of 2 to 3 days and an elimination half-life Biological half-life (also known as elimination half-life, pharmacologic half-life) is the time taken for concentration of a biological substance (such as a medication) to decrease from its maximum concentration ( Cmax) to half of Cmax in the bl ... of 4 to 7 days. See also * List of antipsychotics § Antipsychotic esters References Antipsychotic esters Chloroarenes Dopamine antagonists Enanthate esters Phenothiazines Piperazines Primary alcoho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intramuscular Injection
Intramuscular injection, often abbreviated IM, is the injection of a substance into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several methods for parenteral administration of medications. Intramuscular injection may be preferred because muscles have larger and more numerous blood vessels than subcutaneous tissue, leading to faster absorption than subcutaneous or intradermal injections. Medication administered via intramuscular injection is not subject to the first-pass metabolism effect which affects oral medications. Common sites for intramuscular injections include the deltoid muscle of the upper arm and the gluteal muscle of the buttock. In infants, the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh is commonly used. The injection site must be cleaned before administering the injection, and the injection is then administered in a fast, darting motion to decrease the discomfort to the individual. The volume to be injected in the muscle is usually limited to 2–5 milliliters, depending on in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Antipsychotics
Following is a list of antipsychotics, sorted by class. Antipsychotics Antipsychotic esters Typical antipsychotics * Bromperidol decanoate * Clopenthixol decanoate * Flupentixol decanoate * Flupentixol palmitate * Fluphenazine decanoate * Fluphenazine enanthate * Haloperidol decanoate * Oxyprothepin decanoate * Perphenazine decanoate * Perphenazine enanthate * Pipotiazine palmitate * Pipotiazine undecylenate * Zuclopenthixol acetate * Zuclopenthixol decanoate Atypical antipsychotics * Aripiprazole lauroxil * Paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone palmitate (PP), sold under the brand name Invega Sustenna among others, is an atypical antipsychotic which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It is an antipsychotic ester – specifically the pa ... See also * ATC code N05A References {{Reflist External links DrugBankWHO ATC codes N05A Antipsychotics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prodrugs
A prodrug is a medication or compound that, after intake, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug. Instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug can be used to improve how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME). Prodrugs are often designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. A prodrug may be used to improve how selectively the drug interacts with cells or processes that are not its intended target. This reduces adverse or unintended effects of a drug, especially important in treatments like chemotherapy, which can have severe unintended and undesirable side effects. History Many herbal extracts historically used in medicine contain glycosides (sugar derivatives) of the active agent, which are hydrolyzed in the intestines to release the active and more bioavailable aglycone. For example, salicin is a β-D-glucopyranosid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primary Alcohols
A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the hydroxy group In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy ... is bonded to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH” group. In contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CR2OH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group. Examples of primary alcohols include ethanol and n-Butanol, 1-butanol. Methanol is also generally regarded as a primary alcohol, including the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica,. See also * Alcohol (chemistry), Alcohol (especially Nomenclature section for discussion on Secondary and Tertiary alcohols.) * Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids References Primary alcohols, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piperazines
Substituted piperazines are a class of chemical compounds based on a piperazine core. Some are used as recreational drugs and some are used in scientific research. List of substituted piperazines Benzylpiperazines File:Benzylpiperazine.svg, 1-Benzylpiperazine File:MBZP.svg, 1-Methyl-4-benzylpiperazine File:DBZP.svg, 1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine File:MDBZP.svg, 3,4-Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine File:2C-B-BZP.svg, 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine File:Methoxypiperamide.png, Methoxypiperamide File:Sunifiram.svg , Sunifiram File:3-Methylbenzylpiperazine structure.png, 3-Methylbenzylpiperazine * 1-Benzylpiperazine (BZP) * 1-Methyl-4-benzylpiperazine (MBZP) * 1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine (DBZP) * 3,4-Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine (MDBZP) * 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine (2C-B-BZP) * Methoxypiperamide (MeOP, MEXP) ((4-methoxyphenyl)(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone) * Sunifiram (1-benzoyl-4-propanoylpiperazine) * 3-Methylbenzylpiperazine (3-MeBZP) Befuraline, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenothiazines
Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula S(C6H4)2NH and is related to the thiazine-class of heterocyclic compounds. Derivatives of phenothiazine are highly bioactive and have widespread use and rich history. The derivatives chlorpromazine and promethazine revolutionized the fields of psychiatry and allergy treatment, respectively. An earlier derivative, methylene blue, was one of the first antimalarial drugs, and derivatives are under investigation as possible anti-infective drugs. Phenothiazine is a prototypical pharmaceutical lead structure in medicinal chemistry. Uses Phenothiazine itself is only of theoretical interest, but its derivatives revolutionized psychiatry, other fields of medicine, and pest management. Other derivatives have been studied for possible use in advanced batteries and fuel cells. Phenothiazine-derived drugs In 1876, methylene blue, a derivative of phenothiazine, was synthesized by Heinrich Caro at BASF. The struc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enanthate Esters
Enanthic acid, also called heptanoic acid, is an organic compound composed of a seven-carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid functional group. It is a colorless oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Salts and esters of enanthic acid are called enanthates or heptanoates. Its name derives from the Latin '' oenanthe'' which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek ''oinos'' "wine" and ''anthos'' "blossom." Production The methyl ester of ricinoleic acid, obtained from castor bean oil, is the main commercial precursor to enanthic acid. It is pyrolyzed to the methyl ester of 10-undecenoic acid and heptanal, which is then air-oxidized to the carboxylic acid. Approximately 20,000 tons were consumed in Europe and US in 1980.David J. Anneken, Sabine Both, Ralf Christoph, Georg Fieg, Udo Steinberner, Alfred Westfechtel "Fatty Acids" in Ullmann's Encycloped ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dopamine Antagonists
A dopamine antagonist, also known as an anti-dopaminergic and a dopamine receptor antagonist (DRA), is a type of drug which blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism. Most antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, and as such they have found use in treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and stimulant psychosis. Several other dopamine antagonists are antiemetics used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Receptor pharmacology Dopamine receptors are all G protein–coupled receptors, and are divided into two classes based on which G-protein they are coupled to. The D1-like class of dopamine receptors is coupled to Gαs/olf and stimulates adenylate cyclase production, whereas the D2-like class is coupled to Gαi/o and thus inhibits adenylate cyclase production. D1-like receptors: D1 and D5 D1-like receptors – D1 and D5 are always found post-synaptically. The genes coding these receptors lack introns, so there are no splice variants. D1 receptors * D1 receptors ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloroarenes
In organic chemistry, an aryl halide (also known as haloarene) is an aromatic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms, directly bonded to an aromatic ring are replaced by a halide. The haloarene are different from haloalkanes because they exhibit many differences in methods of preparation and properties. The most important members are the aryl chlorides, but the class of compounds is so broad that there are many derivatives and applications. Preparation The two main preparatory routes to aryl halides are direct halogenation and via diazonium salts. Direct halogenation In the Friedel-Crafts halogenation, Lewis acids serve as catalysts. Many metal chlorides are used, examples include iron(III) chloride or aluminium chloride. The most important aryl halide, chlorobenzene is produced by this route. Monochlorination of benzene is always accompanied by formation of the dichlorobenzene derivatives. Arenes with electron donating groups react with halogens even in the absence of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antipsychotic Esters
An antipsychotic ester is an ester of an antipsychotic. They are used clinically as prodrugs to increase fat solubility and thereby prolong duration when antipsychotics are used as depot injectables. List of clinically used antipsychotic esters Typical antipsychotics * Bromperidol decanoate * Clopentixol decanoate * Flupentixol decanoate * Fluphenazine decanoate * Fluphenazine enanthate * Haloperidol decanoate * Oxyprothepin decanoate * Perphenazine decanoate * Perphenazine enanthate * Pipotiazine palmitate * Pipotiazine undecylenate * Zuclopentixol acetate * Zuclopentixol decanoate Atypical antipsychotics * Aripiprazole lauroxil * Paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone palmitate (PP), sold under the brand name Invega Sustenna among others, is an atypical antipsychotic which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It is an antipsychotic ester – specifically the pal ... Pharmacology References {{Antipsychotics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection). Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of pharmacology, being itself a topic of biology interested in the study of the interactions between both endogenous and exogenous chemical substances with living organisms. In particular, pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects an organism, whereas pharmacokinetics is the study of how the organism affects the drug. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects. Pharmacodynamics is sometimes abbreviated as PD and pharmacokinetics as PK, especially in combined reference (for example, when speaking of PK/PD models). Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on dose–response relationships, that is, the relationships between d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elimination Half-life
Biological half-life (also known as elimination half-life, pharmacologic half-life) is the time taken for concentration of a biological substance (such as a medication) to decrease from its maximum concentration ( Cmax) to half of Cmax in the blood plasma, and is denoted by the abbreviation t_. This is used to measure the removal of things such as metabolites, drugs, and signalling molecules from the body. Typically, the biological half-life refers to the body's natural cleansing through the function of the liver and through the excretion of the measured substance through the kidneys and intestines. This concept is used when the rate of removal is roughly exponential. In a medical context, half-life explicitly describes the time it takes for the blood plasma concentration of a substance to halve (''plasma half-life'') its steady-state when circulating in the full blood of an organism. This measurement is useful in medicine, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics because it helps det ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
