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Payne Fund
The Payne Fund Studies were a series of studies conducted to determine the effects of movies on the behavior of children and adolescents. They were paid for by The Payne Fund, a private foundation, and performed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. They have been criticized as lacking scientific rigor but were the first attempt to rigorously study the media. They were politically significant and were instrumental in the enforcement of the Hays Code. They are credited with contributing to the demise of Pre-Code film-making in Hollywood. Reception Newspapers including Cleveland's ''The Plain Dealer'', New Orleans ''Times Picayune'', ''Chicago Daily News'', '' Atlanta Journal'', ''Saint Paul Dispatch'', the Philadelphia ''Record'' and '' Public Ledger'', the Boston ''American'' and New York's '' Daily News'', ''Daily Mirror'', and ''Evening Post ''Evening Post'' or ''The Evening Post'' may refer to the following newspapers: United Kingdom * ''Evening Post'' (London) (1710–1732 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hays Code
The Motion Picture Production Code was a set of industry guidelines for the self-censorship of content that was applied to most motion pictures released by major studios in the United States from 1934 to 1968. It is also popularly known as the Hays Code, after Will H. Hays, president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) from 1922 to 1945. Under Hays's leadership, the MPPDA, later the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and the Motion Picture Association (MPA), adopted the Production Code in 1930 and began rigidly enforcing it in 1934. The Production Code spelled out acceptable and unacceptable content for motion pictures produced for a public audience in the United States. From 1934 to 1954, the code was closely identified with Joseph Breen, the administrator appointed by Hays to enforce the code in Hollywood. The film industry followed the guidelines set by the code well into the late 1950s, but it began to weaken, owing to the combined ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pre-Code Hollywood
Pre-Code Hollywood was the brief era in the Cinema of the United States, American film industry between the widespread adoption of sound in film in 1929LaSalle (2002), p. 1. and the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code censorship guidelines, popularly known as the "Hays Code", in mid-1934. Although the Code was adopted in 1930, oversight was poor, and it did not become rigorously enforced until July 1, 1934, with the establishment of the Production Code Administration (PCA). Before that date, film content was restricted more by local laws, negotiations between the Studio Relations Committee (SRC) and the major studios, and popular opinion, than by strict adherence to the Hays Code, which was often ignored by Hollywood filmmakers. As a result, some films in the late 1920s and early 1930s depicted or implied innuendo, sexual innuendo, miscegenation, romantic and sexual relationships between white and black people, mild profanity, Recreational drug use, illegal drug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Plain Dealer
''The Plain Dealer'' is the major newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In fall 2019, it ranked 23rd in U.S. newspaper circulation, a significant drop since March 2013, when its circulation ranked 17th daily and 15th on Sunday. As of May 2019, ''The Plain Dealer'' had 94,838 daily readers and 171,404 readers on Sunday. ''The Plain Dealers media market, the Cleveland-Akron Designated Market Area, has a population of 3.8 million people, making it the 19th-largest market in the United States. In August 2013, ''The Plain Dealer'' reduced home delivery to four days a week, including Sunday. A daily version of ''The Plain Dealer'' is available electronically as well as in print at stores, newspaper vending machine, newsracks and newsstands. History Founding The newspaper was established in January 1842 when two brothers, Joseph William Gray and Admiral Nelson Gray, took over ''The Cleveland Advertiser'' and changed its name to ''The Plain Dealer''. ''The Cleveland Advertise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Times Picayune
''The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate'' is an American newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana, since January 25, 1837. The current publication is the result of the 2019 acquisition of ''The Times-Picayune'' (itself a result of the 1914 union of ''The Picayune'' with the ''Times-Democrat'') by the New Orleans edition of ''The Advocate (Louisiana), The Advocate'' (based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Baton Rouge), which began publication in 2013 as a response to ''The Times-Picayune'' switching from a daily publication schedule to a Wednesday/Friday/Sunday schedule in October 2012 (''The Times-Picayune'' resumed daily publication in 2014). ''The Times-Picayune'' was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 2006 for its coverage of Hurricane Katrina. Four of ''The Times-Picayune'''s staff reporters also received Pulitzers for breaking-news reporting for their coverage of the storm. The paper funds the Edgar A. Poe Award for journalistic excellence, which is prese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chicago Daily News
The ''Chicago Daily News'' was an afternoon daily newspaper in the midwestern United States, published between 1875 and 1978 in Chicago, Illinois. History The ''Daily News'' was founded by Melville E. Stone, Percy Meggy, and William Dougherty in 1875 and began publishing on December 23. Byron Andrews, fresh out of Hobart College, was one of the first reporters. The paper aimed for a mass readership in contrast to its primary competitor, the ''Chicago Tribune'', which appealed to the city's elites. The ''Daily News'' was Chicago's first penny paper, and the city's most widely read newspaper in the late nineteenth century. Victor Lawson bought the ''Chicago Daily News'' in 1876 and became its business manager. Stone remained involved as an editor and later bought back an ownership stake, but Lawson took over full ownership again in 1888. Independent newspaper During his long tenure at the ''Daily News'', Victor Lawson pioneered many areas of reporting, opening one of the first f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atlanta Journal
''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' is the only major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia. It is the flagship publication of Cox Enterprises. The ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' is the result of the merger between ''The Atlanta Journal'' and ''The Atlanta Constitution''. The two staffs were combined in 1982. Separate publication of the morning ''Constitution'' and the afternoon ''Journal'' ended in 2001 in favor of a single morning paper under the ''Journal-Constitution'' name. The ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' has its headquarters in the Atlanta suburb of Dunwoody, Georgia. It was formerly co-owned with television flagship WSB-TV and six radio stations, which are located separately in midtown Atlanta; the newspaper remained part of Cox Enterprises, while WSB became part of an independent Cox Media Group. ''The Atlanta Journal'' ''The Atlanta Journal'' was established in 1883. Founder E. F. Hoge sold the paper to Atlanta lawyer Hoke Smith in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saint Paul Dispatch
The ''Saint Paul Dispatch'' was a daily newspaper in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 1868 until 1985. Founding Harlan Page Hall founded the ''Saint Paul Dispatch'' on February 29, 1868. Hall was born in 1838 in Ravenna, Ohio, where his father published a country newspaper. After graduating from Ohio Wesleyan in 1861, Hall was admitted to the bar. Poor health inspired him to move to Minnesota in 1862, where he went to work for the ''St. Paul Union'' newspaper. The ''Union'' merged with the ''St. Paul Press'' the following year. In 1865 Hall purchased the '' St. Paul Pioneer'', but sold it a year later. After spending two years in the printing business with David Ramaley, Hall launched the ''Dispatch''. Ramaley, an active Republican, served as the ''Dispatchs publisher. The Hall and Castle years When Harlan Hall founded the ''Dispatch'' in 1868, he made no secret of his political affiliations.Weber, "The Story of the St. Paul Globe," p. 327. In the 1800s newspapers openly aligned with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Philadelphia Record
''The Philadelphia Record'' was a daily newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1877 until 1947. It became among the most circulated papers in the city and was at some points the circulation leader. History ''The Public Record'' was a newspaper first published in Philadelphia on May 14, 1870; it was founded by William J. Swain, son of William Moseley Swain, who had founded the '' Public Ledger''. At the time it was published at Clark's Hall at 3rd and Chestnut Streets.The Record, ''Backstage with a Great Newspaper'', Philadelphia (1936) In 1877, William M. Singerly acquired the small-circulation paper and renamed it the ''Record'', and lowered its price to one-cent. By 1894, ''The New York Times'' praised it as "one of the best and most widely circulated newspapers in the United States." [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Ledger (Philadelphia)
The ''Public Ledger'' was a daily newspaper in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, published from March 25, 1836, to January 1942. Its motto was "Virtue Liberty and Independence". For a time, it was Philadelphia's most popular newspaper, but circulation declined in the mid-1930s. It also operated a Print syndication, syndicate, the Ledger Syndicate, from 1915 until 1946. Early history Founded by William Moseley Swain, Arunah Shepherdson Abell, Arunah S. Abell, and Azariah H. Simmons, and edited by Swain, the ''Public Ledger'' was the first penny paper in Philadelphia. At that time most papers sold for five cents (equal to $ today) or more, a relatively high price which limited their appeal to the reasonably well-off. Swain and Abell drew on the success of the ''New York Herald'', one of the first penny papers and decided to use a one cent cover price to appeal to a broad audience. They mimicked the ''Herald's'' use of bold headlines to draw sales. The formula was a success and the ''Ledger' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daily News (New York)
The New York ''Daily News'', officially titled the ''Daily News'', is an American newspaper based in Jersey City, NJ. It was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson as the ''Illustrated Daily News''. It was the first U.S. daily printed in tabloid format. It reached its peak circulation in 1947, at 2.4 million copies a day. As of 2019 it was the eleventh-highest circulated newspaper in the United States. Today's ''Daily News'' is not connected to the earlier '' New York Daily News'', which shut down in 1906. The ''Daily News'' is owned by parent company Tribune Publishing. This company was acquired by Alden Global Capital, which operates its media properties through Digital First Media, in May 2021. After the Alden acquisition, alone among the newspapers acquired from Tribune Publishing, the ''Daily News'' property was spun off into a separate subsidiary called Daily News Enterprises. History ''Illustrated Daily News'' The ''Illustrated Daily News'' was founded by Patters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daily Mirror
The ''Daily Mirror'' is a British national daily tabloid. Founded in 1903, it is owned by parent company Reach plc. From 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply ''The Mirror''. It had an average daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016, dropping to 587,803 the following year. Its Sunday sister paper is the '' Sunday Mirror''. Unlike other major British tabloids such as '' The Sun'' and the '' Daily Mail'', the ''Mirror'' has no separate Scottish edition; this function is performed by the '' Daily Record'' and the '' Sunday Mail'', which incorporate certain stories from the ''Mirror'' that are of Scottish significance. Originally pitched to the middle-class reader, it was converted into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to reach a larger audience. It was founded by Alfred Harmsworth, who sold it to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring of the media interests of the Ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New York Evening Post
The ''New York Post'' (''NY Post'') is a conservative daily tabloid newspaper published in New York City. The ''Post'' also operates NYPost.com, the celebrity gossip site PageSix.com, and the entertainment site Decider.com. It was established in 1801 by Federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, and became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century under the name ''New York Evening Post''. Its most famous 19th-century editor was William Cullen Bryant. In the mid-20th century, the paper was owned by Dorothy Schiff, a devoted liberal, who developed its tabloid format. In 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought the ''Post'' for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, the ''Post'' has been owned by Murdoch's News Corp. Its distribution ranked 4th in the US in 2019. History 19th century The ''Post'' was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 () from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as the ''New-York Evening Post'', a broadsheet. Hamilton's co-investors included other New Y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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