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Palestinian Vocalization
The Palestinian vocalization, Palestinian pointing, Palestinian niqqud or Eretz Israeli vocalization (Hebrew: ''Niqqud Eretz Israel'') is an extinct system of diacritics (niqqud) devised by the Masoretes of Jerusalem to add to the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible to indicate vowel quality, reflecting the Hebrew of Jerusalem. The Palestinian system is no longer in use, having been supplanted by the Tiberian vocalization system. History The Palestinian vocalization reflects the Hebrew of The Holy Land of at least the 7th century. A common view among scholars is that the Palestinian system preceded the Tiberian system, but later came under the latter's influence and became more similar to the Tiberian tradition of the school of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher. All known examples of the Palestinian vocalization come from the Cairo Geniza, discovered at the end of the 19th century, although scholars had already known of the existence of a "Palestinian pointing" from the Vitry Machzor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pal Voc Fragment 2
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B, D, G, H, I or K. The articles on analog broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation. PAL video is composite video because luminance (luma, monochrome image) and chrominance (chroma, colour applied to the monochrome image) are transmitted together as one signal. A latter evolution of the standard, PALplus, added support for widescreen broadcasts with no loss of vertical resolution, while retaining compatibility with existing sets. Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in the process of conversion, or have already converted transmission standards to DVB, ISDB or DTMB. Due to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pal Patah
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems CCIR System B, B, CCIR System D, D, CCIR System G, G, CCIR System H, H, CCIR System I, I or CCIR System K, K. The articles on analog broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation. PAL video is composite video because Luma (video), luminance (luma, monochrome image) and chrominance (chroma, colour applied to the monochrome image) are transmitted together as one signal. A latter evolution of the standard, PALplus, added support for widescreen broadcasts with no loss of vertical Image resolution, resolution, while retaining compatibility with existing sets. Almost all of the countries using PAL are currentl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shuruq
Kubutz or qubbutz (modern he, קֻבּוּץ; , formerly , ''qībūṣ'') and shuruk ( he, שׁוּרוּק, ) are two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound . In an alternative, Ashkenazi naming, the kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "shuruk" and shuruk is called "melopum" (). Appearance The kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "◌ֻ" underneath a letter. The shuruk is the letter ''vav'' with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical to the grammatically different signs dagesh and mappiq, but in a fully vocalized text it is practically impossible to confuse them: shuruk itself is a vowel sign, so if the letter before the ''vav'' doesn't have its own vowel sign, then the ''vav'' with the dot is a shuruk and otherwise it is a ''vav'' with a dagesh or a mappiq. Furthermore, the mappiq only appears at the end of the word and only in the letter He (ה) in modern Hebrew and in the Bible it sometimes appears in ''aleph'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qubutz
Kubutz or qubbutz (modern he, קֻבּוּץ; , formerly , ''qībūṣ'') and shuruk ( he, שׁוּרוּק, ) are two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound . In an alternative, Ashkenazi naming, the kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "shuruk" and shuruk is called "melopum" (). Appearance The kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "◌ֻ" underneath a letter. The shuruk is the letter ''vav'' with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical to the grammatically different signs dagesh and mappiq, but in a fully vocalized text it is practically impossible to confuse them: shuruk itself is a vowel sign, so if the letter before the ''vav'' doesn't have its own vowel sign, then the ''vav'' with the dot is a shuruk and otherwise it is a ''vav'' with a dagesh or a mappiq. Furthermore, the mappiq only appears at the end of the word and only in the letter He (ה) in modern Hebrew and in the Bible it sometimes appears in '' aleph' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holam
Holam (modern he, , , formerly , ') is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a dot above the upper left corner of the consonant letter. For example, here the holam appears after the letter '' mem'' : . In modern Hebrew, it indicates the mid back rounded vowel, , and is transliterated as an ''o''. The ''mater lectionis'' letter which is usually employed with holam is vav, although in a few words, the letters ' or ' are used instead of '. When it is used with a ''mater lectionis'', the holam is called ''holam male'' (, , "full holam"), and without it the holam is called ''holam haser'' (, , "deficient holam"). Appearance If a holam is used without a following ''mater lectionis'' (vav, alef or he), as in (, "here"), it is written as a dot above at the upper-left corner of the letter after which it is pronounced. Letter-spacing is not supposed to be affected by it, although some buggy computer fonts may add an unneeded space before the next letter. If vav is used as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hiriq
Hiriq ( he, חִירִיק ' ) is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a single dot underneath the letter. In Modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme which is similar to the "ee" sound in the English word ''deep'' and is transliterated with "i". In Yiddish, it indicates the phoneme which is the same as the "i" sound in the English word ''skip'' and is transliterated with "i". Spelling When writing with niqqud, the letter '' yud'' is often written after the letter that carries the Hiriq sign. This is called ( he, חִירִיק מָלֵא ), meaning "full" (or "plene") hiriq. In writing without niqqud, the letter yud is added more often as a mater lectionis, than in writing with niqqud, The main exception is the i vowel in a syllable that ends with shva naḥ. For example the words סִדְרָה (series) and סִדְּרָה (she organized) are pronounced identically in modern Hebrew, but in spelling without niqqud סִדְרָה is written סדרה beca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tzere
Tzere (also spelled ''Tsere'', ''Tzeirei'', ''Zere'', ''Zeire'', ''Ṣērê''; modern he, צֵירֵי, , sometimes also written ; formerly ''ṣērê'') is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by two horizontally-aligned dots "◌ֵ" underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, tzere is pronounced the same as segol and indicates the phoneme /e/, which is the same as the "e" sound in the vowel segol and is transliterated as an "e". There was a distinction in Tiberian Hebrew between segol and Tzere. Usage Tzere is usually written in these cases: * In final stressed closed syllables: מַחְשֵׁב (, ''computer''), סִפֵּר (, ''he told''; without niqqud סיפר). Also in final syllables closed by guttural letters with an added furtive patach: מַטְבֵּעַ (, ''coin''), שוֹכֵחַ (, ''forgetting''). Notable exceptions to this rule are: ** The personal suffixes ־תֶם (, 2 pl. m.), ־תֶן (, 2 pl. f.), ־כֶם (, 2 pl. m.), ־כֶן (, 2 pl. f.), ־הֶם ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Segol
Segol (modern he, סֶגּוֹל, ; formerly , ''səḡôl'') is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign that is represented by three dots forming an upside down equilateral triangle "ֶ ". As such, it resembles an upside down therefore sign (a because sign) underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme which is similar to " e" in the English word sound in ''sell'' and is transliterated as an ''e''. In Modern Hebrew, segol makes the same sound as tzere, as does the Hataf Segol ( he, חֲטַף סֶגּוֹל , "Reduced Segol"). The reduced (or ''ħataf'') niqqud exist for segol, patah, and kamatz which contain a shva next to it. Pronunciation The following table contains the pronunciation and transliteration of the different segols in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The transcription in IPA is above and the transliteration is below. The letters Bet Black Entertainment Television (acronym BET) is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qamatz
Kamatz or qamatz ( he, label=Modern Hebrew, קָמָץ, ; alternatively ) is a Hebrew niqqud (vowel) sign represented by two perpendicular lines (looking like an uppercase T) underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, it usually indicates the phoneme which is the " a" sound in the word ''spa'' and is transliterated as ''a ''. In these cases, its sound is identical to the sound of ' in modern Hebrew. In a minority of cases it indicates the phoneme , equal to the sound of '. Qamatz Qaṭan, Qamatz Gadol, Ḥataf Qamatz Qamatz Qaṭan vs. Qamatz Gadol The Hebrew of the late centuries BCE and early centuries of the Common Era had a system with five phonemic long vowels and five short vowels . In the later dialects of the 1st millennium CE, phonemic vowel length disappeared, and instead was automatically determined by the context, with vowels pronounced long in open syllables and short in closed ones. However, the previous vowel phonemes merged in various ways that differed fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patah
Pataḥ ( he, פַּתָּח ', , Biblical Hebrew: ') is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a horizontal line underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme which is close to the " sound in the English word ''far'' and is transliterated as an ''a''. In Modern Hebrew, a ' makes the same sound as a qamatz, as does the ' ( he, חֲטַף פַּתַח , "reduced "). The reduced (or ') niqqud exist for ', ', and ' which contain a ' next to it. In Yiddish orthography, a ''pataḥ'' (called ''pasekh'' in Yiddish) has two uses. The combination of pasekh with the letter aleph, אַ, is used to represent the vowel the combination of pasekh with a digraph consisting of two yods, ײַ, is used to represent the diphthong j Pronunciation The following table contains the pronunciation and transliteration of the different s in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The pronunciation in IPA is above and the translit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pal Shwa
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B, D, G, H, I or K. The articles on analog broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation. PAL video is composite video because luminance (luma, monochrome image) and chrominance (chroma, colour applied to the monochrome image) are transmitted together as one signal. A latter evolution of the standard, PALplus, added support for widescreen broadcasts with no loss of vertical resolution, while retaining compatibility with existing sets. Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in the process of conversion, or have already converted transmission standards to DVB, ISDB or DTMB. Due to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pal Shuruk
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B, D, G, H, I or K. The articles on analog broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation. PAL video is composite video because luminance (luma, monochrome image) and chrominance (chroma, colour applied to the monochrome image) are transmitted together as one signal. A latter evolution of the standard, PALplus, added support for widescreen broadcasts with no loss of vertical resolution, while retaining compatibility with existing sets. Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in the process of conversion, or have already converted transmission standards to DVB, ISDB or DTMB. Due to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
