|
PUS1
tRNA pseudouridine synthase A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PUS1'' gene. PUS1 converts uridine into pseudouridine after the nucleotide has been incorporated into RNA. Pseudouridine may have a functional role in tRNAs and may assist in the peptidyl transfer reaction of rRNAs. upplied by OMIM The mutations in PUS1 gene has been linked to mitochondrial myopathy and sideroblastic anemia. See also *Pseudouridine kinase * Mitochondrial tRNA pseudouridine27/28 synthase *TRNA pseudouridine38/39 synthase tRNA pseudouridine38/39 synthase (, ''Deg1'', ''Pus3p'', ''pseudouridine synthase 3'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''tRNA-uridine38/39 uracil mutase''. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : tRNA uridine38/39 \rightlefthar ... * TRNA pseudouridine32 synthase References Further reading * * * * * * EC 5.4.99 {{gene-12-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitochondrial TRNA Pseudouridine27/28 Synthase
Mitochondrial tRNA pseudouridine27/28 synthase (, ''Pus2'', ''Pus2p'', ''RNA:pseudouridine synthases 2'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''mitochondrial tRNA-uridine27/28 uracil mutase''. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : mitochondrial tRNA uridine27/28 \rightleftharpoons mitochondrial tRNA pseudouridine27/28 The mitochondrial enzyme Pus2p is specific for position 27 or 28 in mitochondrial tRNA. See also *PUS1 *TRNA_pseudouridine38/39_synthase tRNA pseudouridine38/39 synthase (, ''Deg1'', ''Pus3p'', ''pseudouridine synthase 3'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''tRNA-uridine38/39 uracil mutase''. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : tRNA uridine38/39 \rightlefthar ... References External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:Mitochondrial tRNA pseudouridine27 28 synthase EC 5.4.99 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudouridine
Pseudouridine (abbreviated by the Greek letter psi- Ψ) is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine in which the uracil is attached via a carbon-carbon instead of a nitrogen-carbon glycosidic bond. (In this configuration, uracil is sometimes referred to as 'pseudouracil'.) Pseudouridine is the most abundant RNA modification in cellular RNA. After transcription and following synthesis, RNA can be modified with over 100 chemically distinct modifications. These can potentially regulate RNA expression post-transcriptionally, in addition to the four standard nucleotides and play a variety of roles in the cell including translation, localization and stabilization of RNA. Pseudouridine, being one of them, is the C5-glycoside isomer of uridine that contains a C-C bond between C1 of the ribose sugar and C5 of uracil, rather than usual C1-N1 bond found in uridine. The C-C bond gives it more rotational freedom and conformational flexibility. In addition, pseudouridine has an extra hydrogen bond ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TRNA Pseudouridine38/39 Synthase
tRNA pseudouridine38/39 synthase (, ''Deg1'', ''Pus3p'', ''pseudouridine synthase 3'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''tRNA-uridine38/39 uracil mutase''. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : tRNA uridine38/39 \rightleftharpoons tRNA pseudouridine38/39 The enzyme from '' Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' is active only towards uridine38 and uridine39. See also *PUS1 *Mitochondrial_tRNA_pseudouridine27/28_synthase Mitochondrial tRNA pseudouridine27/28 synthase (, ''Pus2'', ''Pus2p'', ''RNA:pseudouridine synthases 2'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''mitochondrial tRNA-uridine27/28 uracil mutase''. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : ... References External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:TRNA pseudouridine38 39 synthase EC 5.4.99 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uridine
Uridine (symbol U or Urd) is a glycosylated pyrimidine analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. The analog is one of the five standard nucleosides which make up nucleic acids, the others being adenosine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine. The five nucleosides are commonly abbreviated to their symbols, U, A, dT, C, and G, respectively. However, thymidine is more commonly written as 'dT' ('d' represents 'deoxy') as it contains a 2'-deoxyribofuranose moiety rather than the ribofuranose ring found in uridine. This is because thymidine is found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and usually not in ribonucleic acid (RNA). Conversely, uridine is found in RNA and not DNA. The remaining three nucleosides may be found in both RNA and DNA. In RNA, they would be represented as A, C and G whereas in DNA they would be represented as dA, dC and dG. Biosynthesis Uridine is widely produced in nature as uridine monophosp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common nutrients by the liver. Nucleotides are composed of three subunit molecules: a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three phosphates. The four nucleobases in DNA are guanine, adenine, cytosine and thymine; in RNA, uracil is used in place of thymine. Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy—in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP)—throughout the cell for the many cellular func ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TRNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins. tRNAs genes from Bacteria are typically shorter (mean = 77.6 bp) than tRNAs from Archaea (mean = 83.1 bp) and eukaryotes (mean = 84.7 bp). The mature tRNA follows an opposite pattern with tRNAs from Bacteria being usually longer (median = 77.6 nt) than tRNAs from Archaea (median = 76.8 nt), with eukaryotes exhibiting the shortest mature tRNAs (median = 74.5 nt). Transfer RNA (tRNA) does this by carrying an amino acid to the protein synthesizing machinery of a cell called the ribosome. Complementation of a 3-nucleotide codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) by a 3-nucleotide anticodon of the tRNA results in protein synthesis based on the mRNA code. As such, tRNAs are a necessary component of translation, the biological ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RRNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosome subunits. rRNA is the physical and mechanical factor of the ribosome that forces transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to process and translate the latter into proteins. Ribosomal RNA is the predominant form of RNA found in most cells; it makes up about 80% of cellular RNA despite never being translated into proteins itself. Ribosomes are composed of approximately 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins by mass. Structure Although the primary structure of rRNA sequences can vary across organisms, base-pairing within these sequences commonly forms stem-loop configurations. The length and position of these rRNA stem-loops allow them to create three-di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitochondrial Myopathy
Mitochondrial myopathies are types of myopathies associated with mitochondrial disease. On biopsy, the muscle tissue of patients with these diseases usually demonstrate "ragged red" muscle fibers. These ragged-red fibers contain mild accumulations of glycogen and neutral lipids, and may show an increased reactivity for succinate dehydrogenase and a decreased reactivity for cytochrome c oxidase. Inheritance was believed to be maternal ( non-Mendelian extranuclear). It is now known that certain nuclear DNA deletions can also cause mitochondrial myopathy such as the OPA1 gene deletion. There are several subcategories of mitochondrial myopathies. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms include (for each of the following causes): * Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like syndrome (MELAS) ** Varying degrees of cognitive impairment and dementia ** Lactic acidosis ** Strokes ** Transient ischemic attacks ** Hearing loss ** Weight loss * Myoclonic epilepsy and ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sideroblastic Anemia
Sideroblastic anemia, or sideroachrestic anemia, is a form of anemia in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes). In sideroblastic anemia, the body has iron available but cannot incorporate it into hemoglobin, which red blood cells need in order to transport oxygen efficiently. The disorder may be caused either by a genetic disorder or indirectly as part of myelodysplastic syndrome, which can develop into hematological malignancies (especially acute myeloid leukemia). Sideroblasts ('' sidero-'' + '' -blast'') are nucleated erythroblasts (precursors to mature red blood cells) with granules of iron accumulated in the mitochondria surrounding the nucleus. Normally, sideroblasts are present in the bone marrow, and enter the circulation after maturing into a normal erythrocyte. The presence of sideroblasts ''per se'' does not define sideroblastic anemia. Only the finding of ring (or ringed) sideroblasts characterizes sideroblas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudouridine Kinase
In enzymology, a pseudouridine kinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :ATP + pseudouridine \rightleftharpoons ADP + pseudouridine 5'-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and pseudouridine, whereas its two products are ADP and pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:pseudouridine 5'-phosphotransferase. This enzyme is also called pseudouridine kinase (phosphorylating). This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism Pyrimidine biosynthesis occurs both in the body and through organic synthesis. ''De novo'' biosynthesis of pyrimidine ''De Novo'' biosynthesis of a pyrimidine is catalyzed by three gene products CAD, DHODH and UMPS. The first three enzymes of .... References * EC 2.7.1 Enzymes of unknown structure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
