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Otway–Rees Protocol
The Otway–Rees protocol is a computer network authentication protocol designed for use on insecure networks (e.g. the Internet). It allows individuals communicating over such a network to prove their identity to each other while also preventing eavesdropping or replay attacks and allowing for the detection of modification. The protocol can be specified as follows in security protocol notation, where Alice is authenticating herself to Bob using a server S (M is a session-identifier, NA and NB are nonces): # A \rightarrow B: M,A,B,\_ # B \rightarrow S: M,A,B,\_,\_ # S \rightarrow B: M,\_,\_ # B \rightarrow A: M,\_ Note: The above steps do not authenticate B to A. This is one of the protocols analysed by Burrows, Abadi and Needham in the paper that introduced an early version of Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic. Attacks on the protocol There are a variety of attacks on this protocol currently published. Interception attacks These attacks leave the intruder with the se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Network
A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes. The computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are made up of telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies. The nodes of a computer network can include personal computers, servers, networking hardware, or other specialised or general-purpose hosts. They are identified by network addresses, and may have hostnames. Hostnames serve as memorable labels for the nodes, rarely changed after initial assignment. Network addresses serve for locating and identifying the nodes by communication protocols such as the Internet Protocol. Computer networks may be classified by many criteria, including the transmission medium used to carry signals, bandwidth, communications pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burrows–Abadi–Needham Logic
Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic (also known as the BAN logic) is a set of rules for defining and analyzing information exchange protocols. Specifically, BAN logic helps its users determine whether exchanged information is trustworthy, secured against eavesdropping, or both. BAN logic starts with the assumption that all information exchanges happen on media vulnerable to tampering and public monitoring. This has evolved into the popular security mantra, "Don't trust the network." A typical BAN logic sequence includes three steps: # Verification of message origin # Verification of message freshness # Verification of the origin's trustworthiness. BAN logic uses postulates and definitions – like all axiomatic systems – to analyze authentication protocols. Use of the BAN logic often accompanies a security protocol notation formulation of a protocol and is sometimes given in papers. Language type BAN logic, and logics in the same family, are decidable: there exists an algorit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authentication Protocols
An authentication protocol is a type of computer communications protocol or cryptographic protocol specifically designed for transfer of authentication data between two entities. It allows the receiving entity to authenticate the connecting entity (e.g. Client connecting to a Server) as well as authenticate itself to the connecting entity (Server to a client) by declaring the type of information needed for authentication as well as syntax. It is the most important layer of protection needed for secure communication within computer networks. Purpose With the increasing amount of trustworthy information being accessible over the network, the need for keeping unauthorized persons from access to this data emerged. Stealing someone's identity is easy in the computing world - special verification methods had to be invented to find out whether the person/computer requesting data is really who he says he is. The task of the authentication protocol is to specify the exact series of steps n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Access Control Protocols
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically. Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. A computer system is a nominally complete computer that includes the hardware, operating system (main software), and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation. This term may also refer to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control systems. Simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls are included, as are factory devices like industrial robots and computer-aided design, as well as general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices like smartphones. Computers power the Internet, which links bil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wide Mouth Frog Protocol
The Wide-Mouth Frog protocol is a computer network authentication protocol designed for use on insecure networks (the Internet for example). It allows individuals communicating over a network to prove their identity to each other while also preventing eavesdropping or replay attacks, and provides for detection of modification and the prevention of unauthorized reading. This can be proven using Degano. The protocol was first described under the name "The Wide-mouthed-frog Protocol" in the paper "A Logic of Authentication" (1990), which introduced Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic, and in which it was an "unpublished protocol ... proposed by" coauthor Michael Burrows. Burrows, Abadi, and Needham"A Logic of Authentication" ''ACM Transactions on Computer Systems'' 8 (1990), pp. 18–36. The paper gives no rationale for the protocol's whimsical name. The protocol can be specified as follows in security protocol notation: [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yahalom (protocol)
Yahalom is an authentication and secure key-sharing protocol designed for use on an insecure network such as the Internet. Yahalom uses a trusted arbitrator to distribute a shared key between two people. This protocol can be considered as an improved version of Wide Mouth Frog protocol (with additional protection against man-in-the-middle attack), but less secure than the Needham–Schroeder protocol. Protocol description If Alice (A) initiates the communication to Bob (B) with S is a server trusted by both parties, the protocol can be specified as follows using security protocol notation: * A and B are identities of Alice and Bob respectively * K_ is a symmetric key known only to A and S * K_ is a symmetric key known only to B and S * N_A and N_B are nonces generated by A and B respectively * K_ is a symmetric, generated key, which will be the session key of the session between A and B A \rightarrow B: A, N_A :Alice sends a message to Bob requesting communication. B \right ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Needham–Schroeder Protocol
The Needham–Schroeder protocol is one of the two key transport protocols intended for use over an insecure network, both proposed by Roger Needham and Michael Schroeder. These are: * The ''Needham–Schroeder Symmetric Key Protocol'', based on a symmetric encryption algorithm. It forms the basis for the Kerberos protocol. This protocol aims to establish a session key between two parties on a network, typically to protect further communication. * The ''Needham–Schroeder Public-Key Protocol'', based on public-key cryptography. This protocol is intended to provide mutual authentication between two parties communicating on a network, but in its proposed form is insecure. The symmetric protocol Here, Alice (A) initiates the communication to Bob B. S is a server trusted by both parties. In the communication: * A and B are identities of Alice and Bob respectively * is a symmetric key known only to A and S * is a symmetric key known only to B and S * N_A and N_B are nonces gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kerberos (protocol)
Kerberos () is a computer-network authentication protocol that works on the basis of ''tickets'' to allow nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. Its designers aimed it primarily at a client–server model, and it provides mutual authentication—both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks. Kerberos builds on symmetric-key cryptography and requires a trusted third party, and optionally may use public-key cryptography during certain phases of authentication.RFC 4556, abstract. Kerberos uses UDP port 88 by default. The protocol was named after the character '' Kerberos'' (or ''Cerberus'') from Greek mythology, the ferocious three-headed guard dog of Hades. History and development Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) developed Kerberos in 1988 to protect network services provided by Project Athena. The protocol is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptographic Nonce
In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is often a random or pseudo-random number issued in an authentication protocol to ensure that old communications cannot be reused in replay attacks. They can also be useful as initialization vectors and in cryptographic hash functions. Definition A nonce is an arbitrary number used only once in a cryptographic communication, in the spirit of a nonce word. They are often random or pseudo-random numbers. Many nonces also include a timestamp to ensure exact timeliness, though this requires clock synchronisation between organisations. The addition of a client nonce ("cnonce") helps to improve the security in some ways as implemented in digest access authentication. To ensure that a nonce is used only once, it should be time-variant (including a suitably fine-grained timestamp in its value), or generated with enough random bits to ensure a insignificantly low chance of re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authentication
Authentication (from ''authentikos'', "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης ''authentes'', "author") is the act of proving an assertion, such as the identity of a computer system user. In contrast with identification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity. It might involve validating personal identity documents, verifying the authenticity of a website with a digital certificate, determining the age of an artifact by carbon dating, or ensuring that a product or document is not counterfeit. Methods Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art, antiques, and anthropology, a common problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person or in a certain place or period of history. In computer science, verifying a user's identity is often required to allow access to confidential data or systems. Authentication can be considered to be of three types: The first type of au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Security Protocol Notation
In cryptography, security (engineering) protocol notation, also known as protocol narrations and Alice & Bob notation, is a way of expressing a protocol of correspondence between entities of a dynamic system, such as a computer network. In the context of a formal model, it allows reasoning about the properties of such a system. The standard notation consists of a set of principals (traditionally named Alice, Bob, Charlie, and so on) who wish to communicate. They may have access to a server S, shared keys K, timestamps T, and can generate nonces N for authentication purposes. A simple example might be the following: :A\rightarrow B:\_ This states that Alice intends a message for Bob consisting of a plaintext X encrypted under shared key KA,B. Another example might be the following: :B\rightarrow A:\_ This states that Bob intends a message for Alice consisting of a nonce NB encrypted using public key of Alice. A key with two subscripts, KA,B, is a symmetric key shared ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Replay Attack
A replay attack (also known as a repeat attack or playback attack) is a form of network attack in which valid data transmission is maliciously or fraudulently repeated or delayed. This is carried out either by the originator or by an adversary who intercepts the data and re-transmits it, possibly as part of a spoofing attack by IP packet substitution. This is one of the lower-tier versions of a man-in-the-middle attack. Replay attacks are usually passive in nature. Another way of describing such an attack is: "an attack on a security protocol using a replay of messages from a different context into the intended (or original and expected) context, thereby fooling the honest participant(s) into thinking they have successfully completed the protocol run." Example Suppose Alice wants to prove her identity to Bob. Bob requests her password as proof of identity, which Alice dutifully provides (possibly after some transformation like hashing, or even salting, the password); meanwhil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
