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Oropouche Virus
''Oropouche orthobunyavirus'' (OROV) is one of the most common orthobunyaviruses. When OROV infects humans, it causes a rapid fever illness called Oropouche fever. OROV was originally reported in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955 from the blood sample of a fever patient and from a pool of '' Coquillettidia venezuelensis'' mosquitoes. In 1960, OROV was isolated from a sloth (''Bradypus tridactylus'') and a pool of '' Ochlerotatus serratus'' mosquitoes in Brazil. The virus is considered a public health threat in tropical and subtropical areas of Central and South America, with over half a million infected people as of 2005. OROV is considered to be an arbovirus due to the method of transmission by the mosquitoes '' Aedes serratus'' and ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' among sloths, marsupials, primates, and birds. Epidemic sites Between 1961 and 1980, OROV was reported in the northern state of Pará, Brazil, and from 1980 to 2004, OROV had spread to the Amazonas, Amapá, Acre, Rondônia, Tocant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthobunyavirus
''Orthobunyavirus'' is a genus of the ''Peribunyaviridae'' family in the order ''Bunyavirales''. There are currently ~170 viruses recognised in this genus. These have been assembled into 103 species and 20 serogroups. The name ''Orthobunyavirus'' derives from Bunyamwera, Uganda, where the original type species ''Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus'' was first discovered, along with the prefix () meaning 'straight.' Epidemiology The genus is most diverse in Africa, Australia and Oceania, but occurs almost worldwide. Most orthobunyavirus species are transmitted by gnats and cause diseases of cattle. The ''California encephalitis virus'', the ''La Crosse virus'' and the ''Jamestown Canyon virus'' are North American species that cause encephalitis in humans. Virology *The virus is spherical, diameter 80 nm to 120 nm, and comprises three negative-sense single stranded RNA molecules encapsulated in a ribonucleocapsid. *The three RNAs are described as S, M and L (for Small, Medium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oropouche Fever
Oropouche fever is a tropical viral infection transmitted by biting midges and mosquitoes from the blood of sloths to humans. This disease is named after the region where it was first discovered and isolated at the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory in 1955 by the Oropouche River in Trinidad and Tobago. Oropouche fever is caused by a specific arbovirus, the Oropouche virus (OROV), of the Bunyaviridae family. Large epidemics are common and very swift, one of the earliest largest having occurred at the city of Belém, in the Brazilian Amazon state of Pará, with 11,000 recorded cases. In the Brazilian Amazon, oropouche is the second most frequent viral disease, after dengue fever. Several epidemics have generated more than 263,000 cases, of which 130,000 alone occurred in the period from 1978 to 1980. Presently, in Brazil alone it is estimated that more than half a million cases have occurred. Nevertheless, clinics in Brazil may not have adequate testing reliability as they rely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coquillettidia Venezuelensis
''Coquillettidia'' is a mosquito genus erected by entomologist Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1904 based primarily on unique features of its "peculiar" male genitalia.Harrison G. Dyar. 1904. Remarks on Genitalic Genera in the Culicidae. ''Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington'', VII(1): 42-49; 47; http://www.mosquitocatalog.org/files/pdfs/038400-1.pdf . The specific epithet honors Dyar's colleague Daniel William Coquillett. The genus comprises three subgenera, ''Austromansonia'', ''Coquillettidia'', and ''Rhynochotaenia'', and 57 species,Thomas V. Gaffigan, Richard C. Wilkerson, James E. Pecor, Judith A. Stoffer and Thomas Anderson. 2016. "Coquillettidia" in ''Systematic Catalog of Culicidae'', Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, http://www.wrbu.org/generapages/coquillettidia.htm , accessed 13 Feb 2016. of which ''Coquillettidia perturbans'' is perhaps the best known. Bionomics Not all species have been well documented, but females of some are known to feed primarily ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pale-throated Sloth
The pale-throated sloth (''Bradypus tridactylus''), occasionally known as the ai (), is a species of three-toed sloth that inhabits tropical rainforests in northern South America. It is similar in appearance to, and often confused with, the brown-throated sloth, which has a much wider distribution. Genetic evidence has been interpreted to suggest the two species diverged only around 400,000 years ago, although the most recent evidence indicates the split was closer to 6 million years. Description Pale-throated sloths have a rounded head with a blunt nose and small external ears. The limbs are long and weak, with the arms being nearly twice the length of the hindlimbs. The hands and feet each have three digits, armed with long, arched claws, with the middle claw being the largest and most powerful. Males are in head-body length, with a short, , tail, and weigh from . However, the females are noticeably larger, being from in length, and weighing . The body is covered with coars ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ochlerotatus Serratus
''Ochlerotatus serratus'' is a species of mosquito. See also * Oropouche fever Oropouche fever is a tropical viral infection transmitted by biting midges and mosquitoes from the blood of sloths to humans. This disease is named after the region where it was first discovered and isolated at the Trinidad Regional Virus Laborat ... References Ochlerotatus {{Culicidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aedes Serratus
''Aedes'' is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except perhaps Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: ''Aedes albopictus'', a particularly invasive species, was spread to the New World, including the United States, in the 1980s, by the used-tire trade. First described and named by German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818, the generic name comes from the Ancient Greek ἀηδής, ''aēdēs'', meaning "unpleasant" or "odious". The type species for ''Aedes'' is ''Aedes cinereus''.. Systematics and phylogeny The genus was named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818. The generic name comes from the Ancient Greek ἀηδής, ''aēdēs'', meaning "unpleasant" or "odious". As historically defined, the genus contains over 700 species (see the list of ''Aedes'' species). The genus has been divided into several subgenera (''Aedes'', '' Diceromyia'', '' Finlaya'', ''Stegomyia'', etc.), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culex Quinquefasciatus
''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis and avian malaria. They occur worldwide except for the extreme northern parts of the temperate zone, and are the most common form of mosquito encountered in some major U.S. cities, such as Los Angeles. Etymology In naming this genus, Carl Linnaeus appropriated the nonspecific Latin term for a midge or gnat: '. Description Depending on the species, the adult ''Culex'' mosquito may measure from . The adult morphology is typical of flies in the suborder Nematocera with the head, thorax, and abdomen clearly defined and the two forewings held horizontally over the abdomen when at rest. As in all Diptera capable of flight, the second pair of wings is reduced and modified into tiny, incon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HeLa
HeLa (; also Hela or hela) is an immortalized cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line is derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951, named after Henrietta Lacks, a 31-year-old African-American mother of five, who died of cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific, which allows it to be used extensively in scientific study. The cells from Lacks's cancerous cervical tumor were taken without her knowledge or consent, which was common practice in the United States at the time. Cell biologist George Otto Gey found that they could be kept alive, and developed a cell line. Previously, cells cultured from other human cells would only survive for a few days. Cells from Lacks's tumor behaved differently. History Origin In 1951, a patient named Henrietta Lacks was admitted to the Johns Hopkins Hospital with symptoms of irregular vaginal bleeding, and was s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Replication
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies, the virus continues infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm. Viral production / replication Viruses multiply only in living cells. The host cell must provide the energy and synthetic machinery and the low- molecular-weight precursors for the synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids. The virus replication occurs in seven stages, namely; # Attachment # Entry, # Uncoating, # Transcription / mRNA production, # Synthesis of virus components, # Virion assembly and # Release (Liberation Stage). Attachment It is the first step of viral replication ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
