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Oromo Conflict
The Oromo conflict is a protracted conflict between the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and the Ethiopian government. The Oromo Liberation Front formed to fight the Ethiopian Empire to liberate the Oromo people and establish an independent state of Oromia. The conflict began in 1973, when Oromo nationalists established the OLF and its armed wing, the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA). These groups formed in response to prejudice against the Oromo people during the Haile Selassie and Derg era, when their language banned from public administration, courts, church and schools, and the stereotype of Oromo people as a hindrance to expanding Ethiopian national identity. Background The Oromo people are an ethnic group who predominantly inhabit Oromia and Ethiopia, along with communities in neighboring Kenya and Somalia.Merriam-Webster Inc, Frederick C. Mish, ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', (Merriam-Webster: 2003), p.876 They are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and the wid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conflicts In The Horn Of Africa
Conflicts in the Horn of Africa have been occurring since the 17th century BCE. The Horn of Africa includes the nations of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Ancient * Invasion of Ancient Egypt by the Kingdom of Kush and the Land of Punt (17th century BC). Medieval and Early Modern * Ifat's conquest of Makhzumi ( 1285) * Conquests of Emperor Amda Seyon I (1314–1344) * Abyssinian-Adal War (1529–1559), between the Ethiopian Empire and the Adal Sultanate * Gobroon–Bardera War (late 18th century) * Egyptian-Ethiopian war (1874–1876) *First Italo-Ethiopian War (1895–1896), between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ethiopian Empire * Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ethiopian Empire * Military conflict broke out between Ethiopians and Sudanese in the 1850s Early 20th century * Dervish revolt against the United Kingdom (1899–1920), the Kingdom of Italy, the Ethiopian Empire, and other Somalis * 1922 Burao Tax Revolt (192 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mengistu Haile
Mengistu Haile Mariam ( am, መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማሪያም, pronunciation: ; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian politician and former army officer who was the head of state of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991 and General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia from 1984 to 1991. He was the chairman of the Derg, the socialist military junta that governed Ethiopia, from 1977 to 1987, and the president of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) from 1987 to 1991. The Derg took power in the Ethiopian Revolution following the overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1974, marking the end of the Solomonic dynasty which had ruled Ethiopia since the 13th century. Mengistu purged rivals for power from the Derg and made himself dictator of Ethiopia, attempting to modernize the feudal economy of Ethiopia through Marxist-Leninist-inspired policies such as nationalization and land redistribution. His bloody consolidation of power in 1977–78 is known as the Ethiopian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oromo People
The Oromo (pron. Oromo: ''Oromoo'') are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the Oromia region of Ethiopia and parts of Northern Kenya, who speak the Oromo language (also called ''Afaan Oromoo'' or ''Oromiffa''), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and represent a large portion of Ethiopia's population. The Oromo people traditionally used the ''gadaa'' system as the primary form of governance.Harold G. MarcuA History of Ethiopia University of California Press (1994) pp. 55 Google Books A leader is elected by the ''gadaa'' system and their term lasts eight years, with an election taking place at the end of those eight years. Although most modern Oromos are Muslims and Christians, about 3% practice Waaqeffanna, the native ancient monotheistic religion of Oromos. Origins and nomenclature The Oromo people are one of the oldest cushitic peoples inhabiting the Horn of Africa, as there is still no corr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of Ethiopia
The government of Ethiopia () is the federal government of Ethiopia. It is structured in a framework of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the prime minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. The prime minister is chosen by the lower chamber of the Federal Parliamentary Assembly. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The judiciary is more or less independent of the executive and the legislature. They are governed under the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia. There is a bicameral parliament made of the 108-seat House of Federation and the 547-seat House of Peoples' Representatives. The House of Federation has members chosen by the regional councils to serve five-year terms. The House of Peoples' Representatives is elected by direct election, who in turn elect the president for a six-year term. History Ethiopia has always oscillated between centralisation of power, this was a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethiopian National Defense Force
The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) ( am, የኢፌዲሪ መከላከያ ሠራዊት, Ye’īfēdērī mekelakeya šerawīt, lit=FDRE Defense Force) is the military force of Ethiopia. Civilian control of the military is carried out through the Ministry of Defense, which oversees the Ground Forces, Air Force, Naval Force as well as the Defense Industry Sector. History The Ethiopian army's origins and military traditions date back to the earliest history of Ethiopia. Due to Ethiopia's location between the Middle East and Africa, it has long been in the middle of Eastern and Western politics and has been subject to foreign invasion and aggression. In 1579, the Ottoman Empire's attempt to expand from a coastal base at Massawa during the Ottoman conquest of Habesh was defeated. The Army of the Ethiopian Empire was also able to defeat the Egyptians in 1876 at Gura, led by Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV. Clapham wrote in the 1980s that the "Abyssinians ad sufferedfrom a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialist Ethiopian Liberation Army
The Derg (also spelled Dergue; , ), officially the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), was the military junta that ruled Ethiopia, then including present-day Eritrea, from 1974 to 1987, when the military leadership formally " civilianized" the administration but stayed in power until 1991. The Derg was established in June 1974 as the Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army, by officers of the Ethiopian Army and Police led initially by chairman Mengistu Haile Mariam. On 12 September 1974, the Derg overthrew the government of the Ethiopian Empire and Emperor Haile Selassie during nationwide mass protests, and three days later formally renamed itself the Provisional Military Administrative Council. In March 1975 the Derg abolished the monarchy and established Ethiopia as a Marxist-Leninist state with itself as the vanguard party in a provisional government. The abolition of feudalism, increased literacy, nationalization, and sweep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Army Of The Ethiopian Empire
The Army of the Ethiopian Empire was the principal land warfare force of the Ethiopian Empire and had naval and air force branches in the 20th century. The organization existed in multiple forms throughout the history of the Ethiopian Empire from its foundation in 1270 by Emperor Yekuno Amlak, to the overthrow of the monarchy and Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974 by members of the Ethiopian army. Due to the country's position along multiple trade routes and its maintenance of independence against multiple Islamic and colonialist invasions lead to multiple conflicts against numerous major countries including the Ottomans, Egyptians, British, and Italians. European contact with the Ethiopians in the 1500s brought the first firearms to the country although attempts to arm the imperial army with gunpowder weapons did not happen until the early 1800s. The Ethiopians attempted to develop modern weapons internally, but after a British expedition to the country resulted in the death of an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaarraa Abbaa Gadaa
Abdulkariem Ibrahim Hamid, more commonly known by his nom de guerre Jaarraa Abbaa Gadaa, was a prominent member of the Oromo nationalist movement and one of the leaders of the first Oromo Liberation Army. and the founder of the first Oromo Liberation Front The Oromo Liberation Front ( om, Adda Bilisummaa Oromoo, abbreviated: ABO; English abbreviation: OLF) is an Oromo nationalist political party formed in 1973 to promote self-determination for the Oromo people inhabiting today's Oromia Region a .... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Gadaa, Jaarraa Abbaa 1936 births 2013 deaths Guerrillas Oromo Liberation Front Oromo people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waqo Gutu
General Waqo Gutu Usu (1924 – 3 February 2006) was an Ethiopian rebel and leader of one of the earlier Oromo resistance fighter movements; the Bale Revolt, which in the 1960s had fought against the feudalistic system in place in the Ethiopian Empire. He was elected chairman of the United Liberation Forces of Oromia in 2000. In 2006, Gutu died in a Nairobi hospital, survived by 20 sons and 17 daughters. (Oromia State Government website, accessed 6 October 2006) Life Little is known about his early schooling or ideological basis for his rebellion against Emperor |
Tadesse Birru
Tadesse Birru (1921 – 19 March 1975) was an Ethiopian general of the Imperial Ethiopian Army and civil rights activist. Initially a strong proponent of Ethiopian unity, Tadesse eventually became an activist for the empowerment of the Oromo people in the 1960s. His advocacy turned into repeated attempts to overthrow the government through a coup and later through a military rebellion. He was eventually captured and executed by the Derg regime. He is considered to be the father of modern Oromo nationalism. Life and career Early life Tadesse was born in Salele, in the Shewa province of the Ethiopian Empire during Emperor Haile Selassie's reign. His father, Birru, was killed by poison gas during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and his mother died of grief three months later. Tadesse is of Tulama Oromo descent. Military career Left without a family, Tadesse joined his uncle, Beka, as a member of the Arbegnoch, a guerilla army of Ethiopian patriots who fought Italian occupation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmad Taqi Sheikh Mohammed Rashid
Ahmad Taqi "Hundee" Sheikh Mohammed Rashid (1942 – 6 September 1974) was an Ethiopian Oromo nationalist, known, along with his comrade Elemo Qiltu, as the "first true fighters and martyrs of the Oromo causes". It was these two persons and their few colleagues who founded an organization with a fighting unit that bears the name of the Oromo people, although before them, many nationalists had fought and been martyred for the Oromo causes. In addition, these men are credited with reviving and popularizing usage of the name ''Oromo'' in early 1970s. Early life Ahmad Taqi was born to Sheikh Muhammad Rashid BilalUlrich Braukämper: ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie 9, 2003, , p. 117-119 of Balballeti-Chirrati, a brilliant Islamic scholar, traditionalist, historian, poet and community leader well known in the Harerghe Highlands. His mother was Mariyam Ahmad Hajji Salih Diimaa. He is the third child born to the fam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elemo Qiltu
Hassan Ibrahim (1936 – August 1974), more commonly known by his '' nom de guerre'' Elemo Qiltu, was an Ethiopian guerilla commander and businessman, a prominent member of the Oromo nationalist movement and the leader of the first Oromo Liberation Army. Biography Early life Not much is known of Elemo's early life but by 1956 he had had an Islamic education and was living in Dire Dawa working for a wealthy Arab merchant who eventually took him to Aden, Yemen (then the Aden Protectorate) in 1956. He changed his name to Elemo Qiltu shortly after arriving in Aden. After marrying another Oromo living in Aden, Elemo started his own business which grew to be very successful. Entering politics He never cared much about politics but his house became an occasional meeting place for Oromo nationalists and by 1966, this began to attract the attention of the local Ethiopian Consulate. He was suspected of financing enemies of the Ethiopian government. In 1967, a Harari businessman wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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