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Operation Ben Ami
Operation Ben-Ami ( he, מבצע בן עמי) was one of the last operations launched by the Haganah before the end of the British Mandate. The first phase of this operation was the capture of Acre. A week later four villages east and north of Acre were captured. Background After the fall of Jaffa and Haifa the only remaining Arab towns with access to the Mediterranean Sea were Gaza and Acre. The population of Acre was swollen with refugees from Haifa which had been captured three weeks earlier. There was an outbreak of typhoid in Acre in the first week of May. The operation 300px, Al Zib, 1948, photograph from Palmach archive The operation was carried out by the Carmeli Brigade, commanded by Moshe Carmel. It took place in territory allocated to the Arab State in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which was rejected by the Arab leaders and governments that indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division. The Plan was accepted by the Yis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haganah
Haganah ( he, הַהֲגָנָה, lit. ''The Defence'') was the main Zionist paramilitary organization of the Jewish population ("Yishuv") in Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and its disestablishment in 1948, when it became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Formed out of previous existing militias, its original purpose was to defend Jewish settlements from Arab attacks, such as the riots of 1920, 1921, 1929 and during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. It was under the control of the Jewish Agency, the official governmental body in charge of Palestine's Jewish community during the British Mandate. Until the end of the Second World War, Haganah's activities were moderate, in accordance with the policy of havlaga ("self-restraint"), which caused the splitting of the more radical Irgun and Lehi. The group received clandestine military support from Poland. Haganah sought cooperation with the British in the event of an Axis invasion of Palestine through N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mazra'a
Mazra'a ( ar, المزرعة, he, מַזְרַעָה) is an Arab town and local council in northern Israel, situated between Acre and Nahariyya east of the Coastal Highway that runs along the Mediterranean coast. The local council was founded in 1896 and was incorporated into the Matte Asher Regional Council in 1982, before proclaiming itself an independent local council again in 1996. In it had a population of . Etymology The Arabic ''al-mazra'a'' (p. ''mazari), meaning "the sown land" or "farm", is a relatively common place name used to refer to cultivated lands outside of and dependent upon a primary settlement.Pringle, 1998, p 30 In Crusader times, the village was known as ''le Mezera'', according to Victor Guérin, while to Arabs in medieval times, it was known as ''al-Mazra'ah''.Guérin, 1880, p 163 History In 1253, during the Crusader era, John Aleman, the Lord of Caesarea, leased Mazra'a to the Hospitalliers. Mazra'a is mentioned in the 1283 treaty between the Maml ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benny Morris
Benny Morris ( he, בני מוריס; born 8 December 1948) is an Israeli historian. He was a professor of history in the Middle East Studies department of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in the city of Beersheba, Israel. He is a member of the group of Israeli historians known as the "New Historians," a term Morris coined to describe himself and historians Avi Shlaim, Ilan Pappé and Simha Flapan. Morris's work on the Arab–Israeli conflict and especially the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has won praise and criticism from both sides of the political divide.Shlaim, Avi. "The Debate about 1948", ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol 27, No. 3 (1995), pp. 287–304. Regarding himself as a Zionist, he writes, "I embarked upon the research not out of ideological commitment or political interest. I simply wanted to know what happened." Biography Morris was born on 8 December 1948 in kibbutz Ein HaHoresh, the son of Jewish immigrants from the United Kingdom.Shavit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walid Khalidi
Walid Khalidi ( ar, وليد خالدي, born 1925 in Jerusalem) is an Oxford University-educated Palestinian people, Palestinian historian who has written extensively on the 1948 Palestinian exodus, Palestinian exodus. He is a co-founder of the Institute for Palestine Studies, established in Beirut in December 1963 as an independent research and publishing center focusing on the Palestine (region), Palestine problem and the Arab–Israeli conflict, and was its General Secretary until 2016. Khalidi's first teaching post was at Oxford, a position he resigned from in 1956 in protest at the British Suez Crisis, invasion of Suez. He was Professor of Political Studies at the American University of Beirut until 1982 and thereafter a research fellow at the Harvard Center for International Affairs. He has also taught at Princeton University. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been influential in scholarship, institutional development and diplomacy. His a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Ghabisiyya
Al-Ghabisiyya was a Palestinian Arab village in northern Palestine, 16 km north-east of Acre in present-day Israel. It was depopulated by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1948-1950 period and remains deserted. History A wine press, dating to the Bronze Age, has been found at Al-Ghabisiyya. Other remains, suggesting that the place might have had a Roman and Byzantine settlement have also been discovered. One Corinthian capital was observed there in the 19th century. During the Crusader period the site was known as ''La Gabasie'' and was one of the fiefs of '' Casal Imbert''. It was described as part of the domain of the Crusaders during the ''hudna'' ("truce") between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun in 1283. Ottoman era The village corresponds to that of ''Ghabiyya'' in the ''nahiya'' (subdistrict) of Akka, part of Sanjak Safad, in the 1596 C.E. Ottoman tax register. This village had a population of 58 households (khana) and 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umm Al-Faraj
Umm al-Faraj ( ar, أم الفرج, known to the Crusaders as La Fierge), was a Palestinian village, depopulated in 1948. Location The village was situated on a flat spot in the Acre plain, northeast of Acre.Khalidi, 1992, p. 34 History Archaeological remains from the Roman and Byzantine eras have been found here.Getzov, Stern and Shapiro, 2016,Umm al-Faraj (Moshav Ben Ami)/ref> Sugar Moulds found here indicate that sugar productions started in the 11th century, under the Fatimid era. Crusader/Mamluk era The village was known to the Crusaders as ''Le Fierge'', and belonged to the fief of '' Casal Imbert''. In 1253 King Henry granted the whole estate of Casal Imbert, including ''Le Fierge'', to John of Ibelin.Strehlke, 1869, pp 8485, No. 105; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p318 No. 1208; cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 264 Shortly after, in 1256, John of Ibelin leased Az-Zeeb and all its depending villages (including ''Le Fierge'') to the Teutonic Order for 10 years.Röhricht, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Tall, Acre
Al-Tall ( ar, التلّ), was a Palestinians, Palestinian village 14 km northeast of Acre, Israel, Acre in the Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate Acre Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine, District of Acre. Depopulated as a result of military assault and capture during the 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine as part of Operation Operation Ben-Ami by the Carmeli Brigade of the Israel Defense Forces. History The twin villages of Al-Tall and nearby Al-Nahr were both sites of ancient settlements atop the tel of Tel Kabri, Kabri.Stern, Lewinson-Gilboa, Avriam, 1993, pp. 839–841 Recent excavations indicate habitation back to the eighteenth century BC. Ottoman era In the Ottoman empire, Ottoman period, a Watermill, mill was shown here on Pierre Jacotin´s map from 1799. In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, which he called ''Et-Tell''. He described it: "Below the village extend fresh and verdant gardens where the water flows and murmurs in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Sumayriyya
Al-Sumayriyya ( ar, السُميريه, ''Katasir'' in Canaanite times, ''Someleria'' during Crusader rule), was a Palestinian village located six kilometers north of Acre that was depopulated after it was captured by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. History Tall al-Sumayriyya contains carved stones, a mosaic floor, tombs, columns, and stone capitals. Khirbat Abu 'Ataba has an Islamic shrine and ceramic fragments. In the Crusader era, it was mentioned in 1277 under the name of ''Somelaria''. At the time, the village belonged to the Templars.Pringle, 1997, p 96/ref> In the hudna of 1283 between Al Mansur Qalawun and the Crusaders, Al-Sumayriyya was still under Crusader rule while in 1291 it had come under Mamluk control. A building with a court-yard, measuring 60,5 by 57 meters, dating from the Crusader era, has been noted in the village, and a 13th-century glass-factory has been excavated. Ottoman era It was mentioned in the Ottoman defter fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Manshiyya, Acre
Al-Manshiyya ( ar, المنشية), was a Palestinian village with a Muslim orphanage and a mosque known as the mosque of Abu 'Atiyya, which is still standing. The area just north of the village was a garden planted by Sulayman Pasha, who was the ruler of Acre in the early 19th century, named ar, قصر بهجي, Qasr Bahjī, ''mansion of delight''; today this is known as the shrine of Bahá'u'lláh, who was the founder of the Baháʼí Faith. History Five graves were excavated in al-Manshiyya in 1955–56; the earliest dated from the thirteenth century BC. The people of Al-Manshiyya believed that the village was established in the aftermath of the Crusades, and the original inhabitants were brought to the area from North Africa by the Mamluks to populate the area. However, the village must have disintegrated subsequently, as it is not mentioned in the 1596 census. The local shrine of Abu Atabi has a construction text dating it to 1140 AH (1727–28 CE). It is probably ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Bassa
al-Bassa' ( ar, البصة) was a Palestinians, Palestinian Arab village in the Mandatory Palestine's Acre Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine, Acre Subdistrict. It was situated close to the Blue Line (Lebanon), Lebanese border, north of the district capital, Acre (city), Acre, and above sea level. The village was stormed by Haganah troops in May 1948 and almost completely razed. Its residents were either internally displaced Palestinians, internally displaced or expelled to neighboring countries. Etymology Adolf Neubauer "proposed to identify this place with the Bezet, Batzet of the Talmud". It was called ''Bezeth'' during the Roman empire, Roman period, and its Arabic name is ''al-Basah''.Michael Avi-Yonah, Avi Yonah, 1976, p. 42. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 6 In the period of Crusades, Crusader rule in Palestine, it was known as ''Le Bace'' or ''LeBassa''.Pringle, 1997, p. 116/ref> Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (d. 1201), a chronicler and advisor to Saladin, referred to the village ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
