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Oropogon Salazinicus
''Oropogon salazinicus'' is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in East Asia, it was described as a new species by lichenologist Ted Esslinger in 1989. The type specimen was collected on Mount Nan-Fu-Ta-San, Taiwan, at an elevation greater than . The lichen has also been recorded from Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia. The specific epithet refers to the presence of salazinic acid, a major secondary compound in the lichen. Norstictic acid also occurs as a minor component. Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that ''Oropogon salazinicus'' is in a clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ... that has a sister taxon relationship with a clade containing the species '' O. secalonicus'', '' O. orientalis'', and '' O. yunnanens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foliose Lichen
Foliose lichen is one of the morphological classes of lichens, which are complex organisms that arise from the symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner, typically algae. This partnership allows lichen to live in diverse climates that can range from cold, dry mountains to wet, warm valleys. Lichens develop quite slowly with recorded growth rates of 0.01–27mm/year depending on the species. Their lifespan averages between 30 and 60 years. Lichens have a main body part called the thallus, which is composed of hyphae, and houses the cortex and medulla. The cortex contains the photosynthetic cells while the medulla allows for gas exchange and makes up the bulk of the lichen's thallus. There are three main types of lichens: crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Foliose lichen are characterised by flattened leafy thalli, and an upper and lower cortex. Many have numerous layers, which are stratified, and aid in identifying different types. Foliose lichens attach to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical framew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen Species
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( |
Oropogon Yunnanensis
''Oropogon'' is a genus of lichenised ascomycetes in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is a genus of roughly 40 currently accepted species. It was previously included in the family Alectoriaceae, but this group has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae. All members of the genus have a fruticose growth form. The most obvious synapomorphic character which separates ''Oropogon'' from the rest of the family is the large brown, muriform ascospores (i.e. with transverse and longitudinal walls) that occur singly in each ascus. Species *''Oropogon aliphaticus'' *''Oropogon americanus'' *''Oropogon asiaticus'' *''Oropogon atranorinus'' *'' Oropogon barbaticus'' *''Oropogon bicolor'' *''Oropogon bolivianus'' *''Oropogon byssaceus'' *''Oropogon caespitosus'' *''Oropogon cinereus'' *''Oropogon colibor'' *''Oropogon diffractaicus'' *''Oropogon evernicus'' *''Oropogon fissuratus'' *''Oropogon formosanus'' *''Oropogon granulosus'' *''Oropogon halei'' *''Oropogon herzogii'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oropogon Orientalis
''Oropogon'' is a genus of lichenised ascomycota, ascomycetes in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is a genus of roughly 40 currently accepted species. It was previously included in the family Alectoriaceae, but this group has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae. All members of the genus have a fruticose lichen, fruticose growth form. The most obvious synapomorphy, synapomorphic character which separates ''Oropogon'' from the rest of the family is the large brown, muriform ascospores (i.e. with transverse and longitudinal walls) that occur singly in each ascus. Species *''Oropogon aliphaticus'' *''Oropogon americanus'' *''Oropogon asiaticus'' *''Oropogon atranorinus'' *''Oropogon barbaticus'' *''Oropogon bicolor'' *''Oropogon bolivianus'' *''Oropogon byssaceus'' *''Oropogon caespitosus'' *''Oropogon cinereus'' *''Oropogon colibor'' *''Oropogon diffractaicus'' *''Oropogon evernicus'' *''Oropogon fissuratus'' *''Oropogon formosanus'' *''Oropogon granulosus'' * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oropogon Secalonicus
''Oropogon'' is a genus of lichenised ascomycetes in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is a genus of roughly 40 currently accepted species. It was previously included in the family Alectoriaceae, but this group has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae. All members of the genus have a fruticose growth form. The most obvious synapomorphic character which separates ''Oropogon'' from the rest of the family is the large brown, muriform ascospores (i.e. with transverse and longitudinal walls) that occur singly in each ascus. Species *''Oropogon aliphaticus'' *''Oropogon americanus'' *''Oropogon asiaticus'' *''Oropogon atranorinus'' *''Oropogon barbaticus'' *''Oropogon bicolor'' *''Oropogon bolivianus'' *''Oropogon byssaceus'' *''Oropogon caespitosus'' *''Oropogon cinereus'' *''Oropogon colibor'' *''Oropogon diffractaicus'' *''Oropogon evernicus'' *''Oropogon fissuratus'' *''Oropogon formosanus'' *''Oropogon granulosus'' *''Oropogon halei'' *''Oropogon herzogi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Taxon
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxonomi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norstictic Acid
Norstictic acid is a depsidone produced as a secondary metabolites in lichen A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Lactones Phenols Lichen products Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings {{lichen-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmeliaceae
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( 822 species), ''Usnea'' (355 species), ''Parmotrema'' ( 255 species), and ''Hypotrachyna'' (262 species). Nearly all members of the family have a symbiotic association with a green alga (most often ''Trebouxia'' spp., but '' Asterochloris'' spp. are known to associate with some species).Miadlikowska, J. ''et al.'' (2006). New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. ''Mycologia'' 98: 1088-1103. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/98/6/1088.pdf The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a foliose, fruticose, or subfruticose growth form. The morphological diversity and complexity exhibited by this group is en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Metabolite
Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism. Instead, they generally mediate ecological interactions, which may produce a selective advantage for the organism by increasing its survivability or fecundity. Specific secondary metabolites are often restricted to a narrow set of species within a phylogenetic group. Secondary metabolites often play an important role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavourings, pigments, and recreational drugs. The term secondary metabolite was first coined by Albrecht Kossel, a 1910 Nobel Prize laureate for medicine and physiology in 1910. 30 years later a Polish botanist Friedrich Czapek described secondary metabolit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salazinic Acid
Salazinic acid is a depsidone with a lactone ring. It is found in some lichens, and is especially prevalent in '' Parmotrema'' and '' Bulbothrix'', where its presence or absence is often used to help classify species in those genera. History In 1897, Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf named the chemical he originally isolated from the African species ''Stereocaulon salazinum'' as salazinic acid. Later studies showed that the compound he named was actually norstictic acid. In 1933, Yasuhiko Asahina and J. Asano studied salazinic acid they had isolated from ''Parmelia cetrata'', and found a unique ring system with seven members containing two phenolic components. The fundamental structure was named depsidone, that is, a seven-membered ring with an oxygen bridge binding two aromatic rings. Japanese chemists demonstrated in the late 1960s that the isolated mycobiont of the lichen ''Ramalina crassa'' could produce salazinic acid when grown in laboratory culture. Subsequent studies tried ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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