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Nuclear Cities Initiative
The Nuclear Cities Initiative is an initiative which purports to support the now struggling community and structures of post-USSR nuclear research, aimed at preventing nuclear proliferation. History After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, concerns about the fate of the Soviet "nuclear cities" fell into the hands of Russia. It was in these secret, highly restricted cities that the Soviet Union designed and produced its nuclear weapons. Due to the great importance of these cities, they were generously funded by the Soviet Union. After the fall of the USSR, the 600,000 residents and workers of these cities were left enormous funding problems over the past decade of political, social, and economic difficulties in Russia. Despite attempts by Moscow to create self-sustainable infrastructure, the attempts ultimatel ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a Federation, federal union of Republics of the Soviet Union, fifteen national republics; in practice, both Government of the Soviet Union, its government and Economy of the Soviet Union, its economy were highly Soviet-type economic planning, centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Saint Petersburg, Leningrad (Russian SFSR), Kyiv, Kiev (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR), Minsk (Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian SSR), Tas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zarechny, Penza Oblast
Zarechny (russian: Заре́чный), called Penza-19 () in 1962–1992, is a closed town in Penza Oblast, Russia, located east of Penza. Population: History It was formed in 1958, on the territory of Penza's Zarechny City District. It was closed and named Penza-19 in 1962 and renamed Zarechny in 1992. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the town of oblast significance of Zarechny—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Law #774-ZPO As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Zarechny is incorporated as Zarechny Urban Okrug.Decision #142 Economy Zarechny's main employer is Rosatom Rosatom, ( rus, Росатом, p=rɐsˈatəm}) also known as Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom or Rosatom State Corporation, is a Russian state corporation headquartered in Moscow that speciali ... and a major industr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Zelenogorsk ( rus, Зеленогорск, p=zʲɪlʲɪnɐˈgorsk) is a closed town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the left bank of the Kan River above its confluence with the Yenisei River. It was formerly known as Krasnoyarsk-45 () and was involved in enriching uranium for the Soviet nuclear program. Population: History It was granted town status in 1956. As a closed town, it went under the code-name Krasnoyarsk-45 until Russian President Boris Yeltsin decreed, in 1992, that such cities could use their historical names. The town appeared on no official maps until then. As is the tradition with Soviet towns containing secret facilities, the designation "Krasnoyarsk-45" is actually a postcode; it implied that the place was located directly in the city of Krasnoyarsk, but really from it. The city still remains closed, by a vote of the inhabitants. Access is possible only by having a special entry permit issued by the city's authorities. Administrative and municipal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mining And Chemical Combine
The Mining and Chemical Combine was established in 1950 to produce plutonium for weapons. It is in the closed city Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai. The company is currently part of the Rosatom group. The site had three underground nuclear reactors using cooling water from the Yenisei river: AD (1958), ADE-1 (1961) and ADE-2 (1965). ADE-2 was shutdown in 2010 in accord with the 1997 Plutonium Production Reactor Agreement with the United States. It also provided heat and electricity for the area, which was its main function after 1993. The complex has an interim storage facility. There is also a 60 t/year commercial mixed oxide (MOX Mixed oxide fuel, commonly referred to as MOX fuel, is nuclear fuel that contains more than one oxide of fissile material, usually consisting of plutonium blended with natural uranium, reprocessed uranium, or depleted uranium. MOX fuel is an al ...) fuel fabrication facility (MFFF). It employs 7000 people. The MOX production line completed a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Zheleznogorsk (russian: Железного́рск), is a closed town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, with a developed nuclear industry. The town has a population of History The town was formerly known as Krasnoyarsk-26 (). It was established in 1950 for the production of weapons-grade plutonium.World Data Centers in RussiaInformation about the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine The history of the town and the associated defense complex are intertwined. In 1959, the Government created the Eastern office of OKB-1 (later known as NPO PM) under the supervision of M. F. Reshetnev. Defense plants included nuclear facilities built within caverns excavated in the granite mountain on the northern edge of the city, as well as space research enterprises.''Atom Town'', edited by Vladimir Medvedev, "Bear" Company, Zheleznogorsk. It was a secret town in the Soviet Union until President Boris Yeltsin decreed in 1992 that such places could use their historical names. Before then, the to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siberian Chemical Combine
The Siberian Chemical Combine (russian: Сибирский химический комбинат) was established in 1953 in Tomsk-7 now known as Seversk, in the Tomsk Region as a single complex of the nuclear technological cycle for the creation of nuclear weapons components based on fissile materials (highly enriched uranium and plutonium). It is a subsidiary of TVEL (Rosatom group). History The Siberian Chemical Combine played an important role in the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons program. The facility produced plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU), and fabricated warhead components using produced plutonium and HEU. As the Cold War came to an end, the Siberian Chemical Combine's HEU production ceased and the last plutonium production nuclear reactor at the facility was shut down in 2008. The site had five reactors: EI-1 (1955), EI-2 (1958), ADE-3 (1961) and ADE-2 (1963). The ADE series of reactors also produced thermal and electrical energy, reaching electricity produc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tomsk Oblast
Tomsk Oblast (russian: То́мская о́бласть, ''Tomskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It lies in the southeastern West Siberian Plain, in the southwest of the Siberian Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Tomsk. Population: 1,078,923 (1,047,394 ( 2010 Census)). The development of the territory which now constitutes the oblast began in the early 17th century. Tomsk itself was founded in 1604. Some of the oblast's territory is inaccessible because it is covered with taiga woods and swamps. Tomsk oblast contains Vasyugan Swamp, the biggest swamp in the northern hemisphere. The oblast borders with Krasnoyarsk Krai and Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, and Kemerovo Oblasts. Administrative Divisions The oblast is directly divided into four cities and sixteen districts. The four administrative cities are the administrative center of Tomsk, Kedrovy, Strezhevoy, and the closed city of Seversk. Geography Tomsk Oblast, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seversk
Seversk ( rus, Се́верск, p=ˈsʲevʲɪrsk) is a closed city in Tomsk Oblast, Russia, located northwest of Tomsk on the right bank of the Tom River. Population: It was previously known as ''Pyaty Pochtovy'' (until 1949) and ''Tomsk-7'' (until 1992). Climate Seversk has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification ''Dfb'') with warm summer. The annual average temperature is 0.6 °C (33°F). The average temperature in January is between -21 °C (-6°F) and -13 °C (-9°F). The average temperature in July is 19.2 °C (67°F). The total annual rainfall is 530 millimeters (21"). History Founded in 1949, it was known as Pyaty Pochtovy (, lit. ''the Fifth Postal'') until 1954 and as Tomsk-7 () until 1992. City status was granted to it in 1956. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with five rural localities, incorporated as Seversk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tryokhgorny
Tryokhgorny (russian: Трёхго́рный, lit. ''(a town of) three mountains'') is a closed city, closed town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the western part of the oblast from Chelyabinsk. Population: History On January 24, 1952, the Council of Ministers (Soviet Union), Council of Ministers of the USSR issued decree № 342—135сс/оп to build Plant #933 (Instrument Factory) for the production of atomic bombs. Konstantin Volodin headed the new plant. On April 9, 1952, first construction workers arrived to the area. Administrative and municipal status Within the subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions, framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the City of federal subject significance, Town of Tryokhgorny—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the administrative divisions of Chelyabinsk Oblast, districts.Resolution #161 As a subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions, municipal division, the Town of Tryok ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayak
The Mayak Production Association (russian: Производственное объединение «Маяк», , from 'lighthouse') is one of the biggest nuclear facilities in the Russian Federation, housing a reprocessing plant. The closest settlements are Ozyorsk to the northwest and Novogornyi to the south. Lavrentiy Beria led the Soviet atomic bomb project. He directed the construction of the Mayak Plutonium plant in the Southern Urals between 1945–48, in a great hurry and secrecy as part of the Soviet Union's atomic bomb project. Over 40,000 Gulag prisoners and POWs built the factory and the closed nuclear city of Ozersk, called at the time by its classified postal code "Forty". Five (today closed) nuclear reactors were built to produce plutonium which was refined and machined for weapons. Later the plant came to specialise in reprocessing spent nuclear fuel from nuclear reactors and plutonium from decommissioned weapons. Once production began, engineers quickly ran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Ozyorsk or Ozersk (russian: Озёрск) is a closed city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. The population was: Law #287-ZO specifies that the borders of Ozyorsky Urban Okrug match the borders of the closed administrative-territorial formation of the town of Ozyorsk. History The town was founded on the shores of Lake Irtyash in 1947. Until 1994, it was known as Chelyabinsk-65, and even earlier, as Chelyabinsk-40 (the digits are the last digits of the postal code, and the name is that of the nearest big city, which was a common practice of giving names to closed towns). Codenamed City 40, Ozersk was the birthplace of the Soviet nuclear weapons program after the Second World War. In 1994, it was granted town status and renamed Ozyorsk. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated as the Town of Ozyorsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Resolutio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Lesnoy (russian: Лесно́й) is a closed town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located north of Yekaterinburg on the banks of the Tura River. Population: History It was founded in 1947 when Plant 418 was constructed to produce highly enriched uranium (HEU) for the production of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons were also assembled there. In 1954, it became the closed town of Sverdlovsk-45 to support production of nuclear weapons.'' Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin'', Cochran, Thomas et al., Westview Press, 1995. Sverdlovsk-45 remained secret until President Boris Yeltsin decreed in 1992 that such places could use their historical names; the town had not appeared on official maps until then. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of the administrative divisions, it is, together with one work settlement and three rural localities, incorporated as the closed administrative-territorial formation A closed city or closed town is a settl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
