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Noopept
N-Phenylacetyl--prolylglycine ethyl ester is promoted as a nootropic and is a prodrug of cyclic glycine-proline. Other names include the brand name Noopept (russian: link=no, Ноопепт), developmental code GVS-111; proposed International Nonproprietary Name, INN omberacetam. Its synthesis was first reported in 1996. It is orally available, as of 2017 its metabolism and elimination half-life were not well understood, and cycloprolylglycine has not been measured in humans following administration. In cell culture, cycloprolylglycine increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). It has been evaluated for neuroprotective effects in treating brain injuries and stroke. Pharmacology One oft-cited study (originally published in Russian) conducted on rats, suggests that Noopept works via the "antioxidant effect, the anti-inflammatory action, and the ability to inhibit the neurotoxicity of excess calcium and glutamate, and to improve the blood rheology". Some studies suggest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racetams
Racetams are a class of drugs that share a pyrrolidone nucleus. Some, such as piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam and phenylpiracetam are considered nootropics. Others such as levetiracetam, brivaracetam, and seletracetam are anticonvulsants. Mechanism There is no universally accepted mechanism of action for racetams. Racetams generally show negligible affinity for common central nervous system receptors, but modulation of central neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine and glutamate, has been reported. Although aniracetam and nebracetam show affinity for muscarinic receptors, only nefiracetam demonstrates nanomolar interactions. Modification of membrane-located mechanisms of central signal transduction is another hypothesis. Like some ampakines, some racetams such as piracetam and aniracetam are positive allosteric modulators of the AMPA receptor. Racetams are understood to work by allosterically modulating glutamate receptors, specifically AMPA receptors, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
