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Nitrososphaera
''Nitrososphaera'' is a mesophilic genus of ammonia-oxidizing Crenarchaeota. The first ''Nitrososphaera'' organism was discovered in garden soils at the University of Vienna leading to the categorization of a new genus, family, order and class of Archaea. This genus is contains three distinct species: '' N. viennensis, Ca. N. gargensis'', and ''Ca N. evergladensis''. ''Nitrososphaera'' are chemolithoautotrophs and have important biogeochemical roles as nitrifying organisms. Phylogeny The ''Nitrososphaera'' genus contains one of the first discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea (''N. viennensis)''. Only three distinct species of this genus have been identified. Both ''Ca. N. gargensis'', and ''Ca N. Evergladensis'' are known as ''Candidatus,'' which have been discovered and analyzed but have yet been studied in pure culture in a lab. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrososphaera Evergladensis
''Nitrososphaera'' is a mesophilic genus of ammonia-oxidizing Crenarchaeota. The first ''Nitrososphaera'' organism was discovered in garden soils at the University of Vienna leading to the categorization of a new genus, family, order and class of Archaea. This genus is contains three distinct species: '' N. viennensis, Ca. N. gargensis'', and ''Ca N. evergladensis''. ''Nitrososphaera'' are chemolithoautotrophs and have important biogeochemical roles as nitrifying organisms. Phylogeny The ''Nitrososphaera'' genus contains one of the first discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea (''N. viennensis)''. Only three distinct species of this genus have been identified. Both ''Ca. N. gargensis'', and ''Ca N. Evergladensis'' are known as ''Candidatus,'' which have been discovered and analyzed but have yet been studied in pure culture in a lab. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrososphaeraceae
''Nitrososphaera'' is a mesophilic genus of ammonia-oxidizing Crenarchaeota. The first ''Nitrososphaera'' organism was discovered in garden soils at the University of Vienna leading to the categorization of a new genus, family, order and class of Archaea. This genus is contains three distinct species: '' N. viennensis, Ca. N. gargensis'', and ''Ca N. evergladensis''. ''Nitrososphaera'' are chemolithoautotrophs and have important biogeochemical roles as nitrifying organisms. Phylogeny The ''Nitrososphaera'' genus contains one of the first discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea (''N. viennensis)''. Only three distinct species of this genus have been identified. Both ''Ca. N. gargensis'', and ''Ca N. Evergladensis'' are known as ''Candidatus,'' which have been discovered and analyzed but have yet been studied in pure culture in a lab. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrososphaera Viennensis
''Nitrososphaera'' is a mesophilic genus of ammonia-oxidizing Crenarchaeota. The first ''Nitrososphaera'' organism was discovered in garden soils at the University of Vienna leading to the categorization of a new genus, family, order and class of Archaea. This genus is contains three distinct species: '' N. viennensis, Ca. N. gargensis'', and ''Ca N. evergladensis''. ''Nitrososphaera'' are chemolithoautotrophs and have important biogeochemical roles as nitrifying organisms. Phylogeny The ''Nitrososphaera'' genus contains one of the first discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea (''N. viennensis)''. Only three distinct species of this genus have been identified. Both ''Ca. N. gargensis'', and ''Ca N. Evergladensis'' are known as ''Candidatus,'' which have been discovered and analyzed but have yet been studied in pure culture in a lab. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrososphaera Gargensis
''Nitrososphaera gargensis'' is a non-pathogenic, small coccus measuring 0.9 ± 0.3 μm in diameter. ''N. gargensis'' is observed in small abnormal cocci groupings and uses its archaella to move via chemotaxis. Being an Archaeon, ''Nitrososphaera gargensis'' has a cell membrane composed of crenarchaeol, its isomer, and a distinct glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT), which is significant in identifying ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). The organism plays a role in influencing ocean communities and food production.Courtens, Emilie Np, Eva Spieck, Ramiro Vilchez-Vargas, Samuel Bodé, Pascal Boeckx, Stefan Schouten, Ruy Jauregui, Dietmar H. Pieper, Siegfried E. Vlaeminck, and Nico Boon. "A Robust Nitrifying Community in a Bioreactor at 50 °C Opens up the Path for Thermophilic Nitrogen Removal." ''The ISME Journal'' (2016) http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ismej20168a.htm Discovery ''Nitrososphaera gargensis'' was discovered in a Garga hot spring in Siberia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrososphaeria
The Nitrososphaerota (syn. Thaumarchaeota) are a phylum of the Archaea proposed in 2008 after the genome of ''Cenarchaeum symbiosum'' was sequenced and found to differ significantly from other members of the hyperthermophilic phylum Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). Three described species in addition to ''C. symbiosum'' are ''Nitrosopumilus maritimus'', ''Nitrososphaera viennensis'', and ''Nitrososphaera gargensis''. The phylum was proposed in 2008 based on phylogenetic data, such as the sequences of these organisms' ribosomal RNA genes, and the presence of a form of type I topoisomerase that was previously thought to be unique to the eukaryotes. This assignment was confirmed by further analysis published in 2010 that examined the genomes of the ammonia-oxidizing archaea ''Nitrosopumilus maritimus'' and ''Nitrososphaera gargensis'', concluding that these species form a distinct lineage that includes ''Cenarchaeum symbiosum''. The lipid crenarchaeol has been found only in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrososphaerales
The Nitrososphaerota (syn. Thaumarchaeota) are a phylum of the Archaea proposed in 2008 after the genome of ''Cenarchaeum symbiosum'' was sequenced and found to differ significantly from other members of the hyperthermophilic phylum Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). Three described species in addition to ''C. symbiosum'' are ''Nitrosopumilus maritimus'', ''Nitrososphaera viennensis'', and ''Nitrososphaera gargensis''. The phylum was proposed in 2008 based on phylogenetic data, such as the sequences of these organisms' ribosomal RNA genes, and the presence of a form of type I topoisomerase that was previously thought to be unique to the eukaryotes. This assignment was confirmed by further analysis published in 2010 that examined the genomes of the ammonia-oxidizing archaea ''Nitrosopumilus maritimus'' and ''Nitrososphaera gargensis'', concluding that these species form a distinct lineage that includes ''Cenarchaeum symbiosum''. The lipid crenarchaeol has been found only in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrososphaerota
The Nitrososphaerota (syn. Thaumarchaeota) are a phylum of the Archaea proposed in 2008 after the genome of ''Cenarchaeum symbiosum'' was sequenced and found to differ significantly from other members of the hyperthermophilic phylum Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). Three described species in addition to ''C. symbiosum'' are ''Nitrosopumilus maritimus'', ''Nitrososphaera viennensis'', and ''Nitrososphaera gargensis''. The phylum was proposed in 2008 based on phylogenetic data, such as the sequences of these organisms' ribosomal RNA genes, and the presence of a form of type I topoisomerase that was previously thought to be unique to the eukaryotes. This assignment was confirmed by further analysis published in 2010 that examined the genomes of the ammonia-oxidizing archaea ''Nitrosopumilus maritimus'' and ''Nitrososphaera gargensis'', concluding that these species form a distinct lineage that includes ''Cenarchaeum symbiosum''. The lipid crenarchaeol has been found only i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crenarchaeol
Crenarchaeol is a glycerol biphytanes glycerol tetraether (GDGT) biological membrane lipid. Together with archaeol, crenarcheol comprises a major component of archaeal membranes. Archaeal membranes are distinct from those of bacteria and eukaryotes because they contain isoprenoid GDGTs instead of diacyl lipids, which are found in the other domains (bacteria, procarya). It has been proposed that GDGT membrane lipids are an adaptation to the high temperatures present in the environments that are home to extremophile archaea Discovery and distribution Archaeal GDGTs were first detected in pelagic waters. Unknown GDGTs were also found in marine sediments and isolated from ''Cenarchaeum symbiosum'', a marine ammonia-oxidizing archaeon that lives in symbiosis with sponges. Following the discovery of GDGTs outside of hydrothermal environments, crenarchaeol was first identified as the major GDGT component in surface sediments and extracts from ''C. symbiosum'' by two-dimensional nucle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. The term ''pathogen'' came into use in the 1880s. Typically, the term ''pathogen'' is used to describe an ''infectious'' microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungus. Small animals, such as helminths and insects, can also cause or transmit disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as parasites rather than pathogens. The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called microbiology, while parasitology refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them. There are several pathways through which pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil has the longest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isomer
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism is existence or possibility of isomers. Isomers do not necessarily share similar chemical or physical properties. Two main forms of isomerism are structural or constitutional isomerism, in which ''bonds'' between the atoms differ; and stereoisomerism or spatial isomerism, in which the bonds are the same but the ''relative positions'' of the atoms differ. Isomeric relationships form a hierarchy. Two chemicals might be the same constitutional isomer, but upon deeper analysis be stereoisomers of each other. Two molecules that are the same stereoisomer as each other might be in different conformational forms or be different isotopologues. The depth of analysis depends on the field of study or the chemical and physical properties of interest. The English word "isomer" () is a back-for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether
Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids (GDGTs) are a class of membrane lipids synthesized by archaea and some bacteria, making them useful biomarkers for these organisms in the geological record. Their presence, structure, and relative abundances in natural materials can be useful as proxies for temperature, terrestrial organic matter input, and soil pH for past periods in Earth history. Some structural forms of GDGT form the basis for the TEX86 paleothermometer. Isoprenoid GDGTs, now known to be synthesized by many archaeal classes, were first discovered in extremophilic archaea cultures. Branched GDGTs, likely synthesized by acidobacteriota, were first discovered in a natural Dutch peat sample in 2000. Chemical structure The two primary structural classes of GDGTs are isoprenoid (isoGDGT) and branched (brGDGT), which refer to differences in the carbon skeleton structures. Isoprenoid compounds are numbered -0 through -8, with the numeral representing the number of cyclopentan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coccus
A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape. Bacteria are categorized based on their shapes into three classes: cocci (spherical-shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spiral ( of which there are two types: spirillum and spirochete). Coccus refers to the shape of the bacteria, and can contain multiple genera, such as staphylococci or streptococci. Cocci can grow in pairs, chains, or clusters, depending on their orientation and attachment during cell division. In contrast to many bacilli-shaped bacteria, most cocci bacteria do not have flagella and are non-motile. Cocci is an English loanword of a modern or neo-Latin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun () meaning 'berry'. Structure The cell wall structure for cocci may vary between gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layers) and gram-negative (thin peptidoglycan layers). While living in their host organism, cocci can be pathogenic (e.g., streptoco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
