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National Liberation Front – Bahrain
The National Liberation Front—Bahrain ( ar, جبهة التحرير الوطني—البحرين) is a communist party in Bahrain. It was founded on 15 February 1955, the first leftist party in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Among the founder-members were Hassan Nezam (1922–1958), the principal founder, who was killed in Tehran in 1958 by SAVAK. (Hassan Nezam was also a leading regional figure in the Tudeh Party of Iran, Khuzestan province, under the name Hassan Dorood.) Other founders were Erik Mansoorian, who died in Abadan after returning to Iran in 1964, Hassan M. Saleh (1926–2000), who from the early 1960s was in a state of a chronic mental dysfunction as a result of severe torture, Ali Madan (1932–1995), Ahmed al-Thawadi, “Saif Bin Ali” (1937–2006), and Ali Dawaigher (1938-2013). In the 1960s and 70s the NLF, headed by Saif Bin Ali, assisted by Yousif Ajaji (born 1939) and Abdulla Rashid Binali (born 1935), played a leading part in two major event ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manama
Manama ( ar, المنامة ', Bahrani pronunciation: ) is the capital and largest city of Bahrain, with an approximate population of 200,000 people as of 2020. Long an important trading center in the Persian Gulf, Manama is home to a very diverse population. After periods of Portuguese and Persian control and invasions from the ruling dynasties of Saudi Arabia and Oman, Bahrain established itself as an independent nation in 1971 after a period of British hegemony. Although the current twin cities of Manama and Muharraq appear to have been founded simultaneously in the 1800s, Muharraq took prominence due to its defensive location and was thus the capital of Bahrain until 1923. Manama became the mercantile capital and was the gateway to the main Bahrain Island. In the 20th century, Bahrain's oil wealth helped spur fast growth and in the 1990s a concerted diversification effort led to expansion in other industries and helped transform Manama into an important financial hub in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
March Intifada
The March Intifada ( ar, انتفاضة مارس) was an uprising that broke out in Bahrain in March 1965. The uprising was led by Leftist groups, the National Liberation Front – Bahrain calling for the end of the British presence in Bahrain and numerous notable individuals participated in the uprising, including Wa'ad political activist Ali Rabea. The uprising was sparked by the laying-off of hundreds of Bahraini workers at the Bahrain Petroleum Company on March 5, 1965. Several people died in the sometimes violent clashes between protesters and police. Background and main events The uprising started when students of Manama High School, which then was the only high school in Bahrain, protested against the laying-off of hundreds of workers at BAPCO (Bahrain Petroleum Company), however, the protest was quickly suppressed by the infantry. The news of the crackdown created a nationwide uprising which would last for a month. The uprising's motto was "Down down colonialism" (Ara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmad Al-Thawadi
Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Thawadi ( ar, احمد إبراهيم الذوادي) was the chairman of the Democratic Progressive Tribune, a leftist political party in the Kingdom of Bahrain Bahrain ( ; ; ar, البحرين, al-Bahrayn, locally ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, ' is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an .... He was born in 1938 during the British colonization of Bahrain. He was also a founding member of the National Liberation Front. He used the nom de guerre 'Saif bin Ali' ( ar, سيف بن علي). He was one of the first victims of the State Security Law (anti-human rights law that was cancelled in the democratic era of the kingdom). Many Bahrainis believe Dhawadi enriched the political movement in Bahrain even when he was in exile in Asian and African countries and later in Latin America. In the eighties, he married Bahraini poet Hamda Khamees and had a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Union Committee
The National Union Committee ( ar, هيئة الاتحاد الوطني) was a nationalist reformist political organization formed in Bahrain in 1954 (originally named the ''Higher Executive Committee'', ar, الهيئة التنفيذية العليا). The committee was formed by reformists in response to sectarian clashes between Sunni and Shia members of the population. Its foundations were laid in the journal, ''Sawt al-Bahrain'', which was founded and published by these reformist figures. The original aims were to push for an elected popular assembly, a codified system of civil and criminal law, the establishment of an appellate court, the right to form trade unions, an end to British colonial influence (through the removal of Charles Belgrave), and an end to sectarianism. The original committee was made up of four Sunni representatives and four Shi'i representatives. The members were: * Abdul Rahman Al Bakir ( ar, عبدالرحمن الباكر) - Secretary * Abdulaziz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majeed Marhoon
Majeed Marhoon ( ar, مجيد مرهون) (1945–2010) was a Bahraini saxophonist, and a former leftist political activist with the National Liberation Front of Bahrain. He spent 22 years in prison in Bahrain between 1968 and 1990, accused of planting a bomb in the car of a British intelligence officer of 21 March 1966. Seventeen of his years in captivity were spent at the Jidda Island prison, four of those years in solitary confinement. He claims to have been tortured in prison under the orders of British officer Ian Henderson. At the Addaama neighborhood in Hoora – Bahrain, the neighborhood of the simple and the deprived, Majeed Marhoon was born on the hot afternoon of 17 August 1945. Majeed says that his birth was one week after the second bombing of Japan by the American forces and the heat that day was extreme due to the spreading of atomic dust in the ozone layer. Majeed faced the bitterness of life and poverty by excelling in school," I was one of the best students ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2006 Bahraini General Election
General elections were held in Bahrain in November and December 2006 to elect the forty members of the Council of Representatives. The first round of voting was held on 25 November, with a second round on 2 December 2006. Voter turnout was 72% in the first round, in which Shi'a and Sunni Islamists dominated, winning a clean sweep of the 29 seats that were decided in the first round, while liberal and ex-communist MPs lost all their seats. Four candidates of the left-wing National Democratic Action (also known as Wa'ad) made it through to second round run-off, which decided the remaining 11 seats. The elections were preceded by a major political realignment that saw the four opposition parties that boycotted the 2002 elections agree to take part in the political process. These included the Shia Islamist party, Al Wefaq, the radical Shia Islamist Islamic Action Society, the left-wing National Democratic Action Society and the Nationalist Democratic Rally Society. To meet t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Progressive Democratic Tribune (Bahrain)
Progressive Democratic Tribune ( ar, جمعية المنبر الديمقراطي التقدمي), often referred to as al-Minbar, is a political organization launched by returning exiles from the underground communist National Liberation Front – Bahrain in 2001. Ahmad Al-Thawadi was its founding chairman. Effectively al-Minbar came to act as a successor to the NLF. The party has been opposed to sectarian politics and sought to represent constituents whatever their creed. It was also a consistent champion of women's rights and freedom of speech, meaning that its MPs often found themselves allied with liberals. One of its three MPs, Abdulhadi Marhoon, served as the Deputy Speaker from 2002 to 2006. Al-Minbar also has a youth organization, Shabeeba Society of Bahrain, that is active among the students and young workers with a network of regional and international connections with other left-wing democratic youth organizations. Ahead of the 2006 election, al-Minbar launched the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2002 Bahraini General Election
General elections were held in Bahrain on 24 October 2002 to elect the forty members of the Council of Representatives. They were the second general elections in the country's history, and the first since the dissolution of the 1973 National Assembly. The elections were the first to be held under the 2002 constitution, with voter turnout reported to be 53.2%. IFES Election Guide, 28 October 2002 For the first time, women had the right to vote and the right to stand in national elections. Campaign The elections were boycotted by , the country's largest political party, as well as the |
1990s Uprising In Bahrain
The 1990s uprising in Bahrain ( ar, الانتفاضة التسعينية في البحرين) also known as the uprising of dignity ( ar, انتفاضة الكرامة) was an uprising in Bahrain between 1994 and 1999 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces to demand democratic reforms. The uprising caused approximately forty deaths and ended after Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999 and a referendum on 14–15 February 2001 massively supported the National Action Charter. The uprising resulted in the deaths of around 40 civilians and at least one Bahraini soldier. Bahrain News Agency. 23 April 2011. Retrieved on 23 June 2012 < ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torture In Bahrain
Torture in Bahrain refers to the violation of Bahrain's obligations as a state party to the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Convention against Torture) and other international treaties and disregard for the prohibition of torture enshrined in Bahraini law. Torture was routine practice in Bahrain between 1975 and 1999, during the period when the State Security Act 1974 was in force.Summary, "Torture Redux: The Revival of Physical Coercion during Interrogations in Bahrain", published by Human Rights Watch 8 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 Individuals have been tortured after being detained at demonstrations and p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Assembly (Bahrain)
The National Assembly ( ar, المجلس الوطني البحريني) is the legislative body of Bahrain. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the 40 elected members of the Council of Representatives (the lower house) and the 40 royally-appointed members of the Consultative Council (the upper house). The joint session of the National Assembly is chaired by the Speaker of the Council of Representatives, or by the Speaker of the Consultative Council if the former is absent. Latest election National Assembly under the 1973 constitution Under the 1973 Constitution ( Article 43), the National Assembly was a single chamber parliament consisting of forty members elected by "universal suffrage". However, the then Amir, Shaikh Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifah decreed that women would not be considered as "universal suffrage" and were not allowed to vote in the 1973 parliamentary elections. History of the National Assembly of Bahrain The first ever National Assembly in Bahrain was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1973 Bahraini General Election
General elections were held in Bahrain for the first time on 12 December 1973. 30 seats out of the 44-seated unicameral National Assembly were contested, the other 14 were ex officio. Of the 24,883 registered voters, 19,509 cast a ballot, giving a voter turnout of 78.4%.Nohlen et al., p54 Two distinct political blocs amongst the elected members; the "People's Bloc" consisted of eight Shia and Sunni members elected from urban areas and associated with left-wing and nationalist organizations, including the Popular Front for the Liberation of Bahrain, the National Liberation Front – Bahrain or the Baathist movement. The 'Religious Bloc' was made up of six Shia members mostly from rural constituencies. The remaining members were independents with shifting positions. Electoral system The elections were held under the 1973 constitution. The 44-seat National Assembly had thirty members elected by a franchise restricted to male citizens, with an additional 14 ministers of the royall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
