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National Assembly (Bahrain)
The National Assembly ( ar, المجلس الوطني البحريني) is the legislative body of Bahrain. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the 40 elected members of the Council of Representatives (the lower house) and the 40 royally-appointed members of the Consultative Council (the upper house). The joint session of the National Assembly is chaired by the Speaker of the Council of Representatives, or by the Speaker of the Consultative Council if the former is absent. Latest election National Assembly under the 1973 constitution Under the 1973 Constitution ( Article 43), the National Assembly was a single chamber parliament consisting of forty members elected by "universal suffrage". However, the then Amir, Shaikh Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifah decreed that women would not be considered as "universal suffrage" and were not allowed to vote in the 1973 parliamentary elections. History of the National Assembly of Bahrain The first ever National Assembly in Bahrain was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bicameral
Bicameralism is a type of legislature, one divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all members deliberate and vote as a single group. , about 40% of world's national legislatures are bicameral, and about 60% are unicameral. Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected by different methods, which vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. This can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members. Enactment of primary legislation often requires a concurrent majority—the approval of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. When this is the case, the legislature may be called an example of perfect bicameralism. However, in many parliamentary and semi-presidential systems, the house to which the executive is responsible (e.g. House of Commons of UK and National Assembly of France) can overrule the o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council Of Representatives
The Council of Representatives (''Majlis an-nuwab''), sometimes translated as the "Chamber of Deputies", is the name given to the lower house of the Bahraini National Assembly, the national legislative body of Bahrain. The council was created by the 2002 Constitution of Bahrain and consists of forty members elected by universal suffrage. Members are elected for four-year terms from single-member constituencies using a two-round system, with a second round being held of the top two candidates if no candidate receives 50% of the vote in the first round.Electoral system IPU Candidates must be Bahraini citizens and at least 30 years old. The forty seats of the Council of Representatives together with the forty royally-appointed seats of the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdul Amir Al-Jamri
Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri ( ; ar, شيخ عبدالأمير الجمري; 1 March 1938 – 18December 2006) was one of the most prominent Shia clerics and opposition leaders in Bahrain. He was also a writer and a poet. Born in the village of Bani Jamra, al-Jamri became a Hussaini khatib (Shia preacher) after finishing primary school. At the age of 21, he began his Islamic studies, first in Bahrain and later in the religious institute of Al Najaf, Iraq, where he remained for 11 years. He returned to Bahrain in 1973 and was elected to the newly formed parliament. The parliament was dissolved two years later by the Emir, Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa, after it had rejected the State Security Law. In 1977, al-Jamri was appointed as a judge at the High Religious Court of Bahrain. He held the position until 1988, when he was briefly arrested due to his criticism of the government. Al-Jamri is most notable for his role during the 1990s uprising in Bahrain. As the lead figure of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Bin Ebrahim Abdul Aal
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar, عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600 – 661 common era, CE) was the last of four Rashidun, Rightly Guided Caliphs to rule Islam (r. 656 – 661) immediately after the death of Muhammad, and he was the first Shia Imam. The issue of his succession caused a major rift between Muslims and divided them into Shia Islam, Shia and Sunni Islam, Sunni groups. Ali was assassinated in the Grand Mosque of Kufa in 661 by the forces of Mu'awiya I, Mu'awiya, who went on to found the Umayyad Caliphate. The Imam Ali Shrine and the city of Najaf were built around Ali's tomb and it is visited yearly by millions of devotees. Ali was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, raised by him from the age of 5, and accepted his claim of divine revelation by age 11, being among the Chronological list of early Muslims, first to do so. Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam while Muhammad was in Mecca and under severe persecution. After Muhammad's Hij ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdulhadi Khalaf
Abdulhadi Khalaf ( ar, عبد الهادي خلف, born 1945) is a Bahraini leftist political activist and senior lecturer in the Sociology department at Lund University. He is regarded as a specialist in the politics of the Persian Gulf region. Biography He received his primary and secondary education in Bahrain, then went abroad for college. He obtained a doctorate in sociology from Sweden's University of Lund in 1972. Returning to Bahrain, he became a candidate for the country's first National Assembly and was elected in December 1973. The assembly was an advisory body with limited powers to approve laws drawn up by the government. Several months after the National Assembly convened, Khalaf was expelled and arrested on charges of supporting one of several banned political groups that called for a constitutional monarchy. He was released from prison in 1975, then rearrested in 1976, again because of his political activities on behalf of democratic government. Between 1975 and 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Qasim Rabea
Ali Qasim Rabea ( ar, علي قاسم ربيعة) is a leftist political activist in Bahrain, currently a leader of the Haq Movement. Before joining Haq he was part of Wa'ad. Rabea was elected to the 1973 National Assembly before it was dissolved. He has been an opposition activist calling for the restoration of democracy in Bahrain. In October 1998, the government of Bahrain arrested him along with fellow opposition activist Isa Al Jowder, for signing a petition demanding political reform in the country. He is one of the signatories on a 2008 petition calling for Prime Minister Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah to be sacked from office. See also * Haq Movement * Abdulhadi Khalaf Abdulhadi Khalaf ( ar, عبد الهادي خلف, born 1945) is a Bahraini leftist political activist and senior lecturer in the Sociology department at Lund University. He is regarded as a specialist in the politics of the Persian Gulf region. ... References Publications'Popular Petition Committee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khalifa Ahmed Al Bin Ali
Khalifa Ahmed Al Bin Ali ( ar, خليفة بن أحمد آل بن علي) (1936–2006), was one of the leading, principal, and most important men of the Al Bin Ali tribe in Bahrain during the early 1970s throughout the early 2000s. Biography Khalifa Ahmed Al Bin Ali was born in the town of Hidd on Muharraq Island in the Kingdom of Bahrain in 1936. He graduated from Rabat University in Morocco and obtained an L.L.B. He was a former lawyer since 1963. Nine years later, he was elected as a member in the Constitutional Assembly of Bahrain 1972-1973 that ratified the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain ( State of Bahrain back then) also known as Constitution 73.التجربة البرلمانية الأولى في البحرين المجلس التأسيسي والمجلس الوطني 1972م-1975م تأليف د. ريا يوسف حمزة، ص 37، 43، 48، 51، 54، 58-59، 64، 66، 100، 106، 113، 120، 122، 123، 132، 133، 134 و195 He was also elected a member of the Nation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Security Law Of 1974
Following Bahrain's independence from the British in 1971, the government of Bahrain embarked on an extended period of political suppression under a 1974 State Security Law shortly after the adoption of the country's first formal Constitution in 1973. Overwhelming objections to state authority resulted in the forced dissolution of the National Assembly by Amir Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa and the suspension of the Constitution until 2001. The State Security Law of 1974 was a law used by the government of Bahrain to crush political unrest from 1974 until 2001. It was during this period that the worst human rights violations and torture were said to have taken place. The State Security Law contained measures permitting the government to arrest and imprison individuals without trial for a period of up to three years for crimes relating to state security. A subsequent Decree to the 1974 Act invoked the establishment of State Security Courts, adding to the conditions conducive to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isa Ibn Salman Al-Khalifa
Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (; 3 June 1931 – 6 March 1999) was the first emir of Bahrain from 1961 until his death in 1999. Born in Jasra, Bahrain, he became emir upon the death of his father, Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa. Early life and reign Isa was born in Jasra to Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa and Mouza bint Hamad Al Khalifa (1933-2009), the daughter of Hamad ibn Abdullah Al Khalifa, and succeeded his father as emir upon his death in November 1961. He was installed in 16 December. Isa visited Ayetollah Mohsin Al Hakim in Najaf in 1968 to indicate his keenness to reinforce relationships with the Shia. During his reign, Bahrain gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1971. While the government initially considered joining the United Arab Emirates, Isa had his country withdraw (along with Qatar) over his dissatisfaction with the proposed constitution . He then attempted to introduce a moderate form of parliamentary democracy, and men (though not women) were given the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isa Ibn Salman Al Khalifah
Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (; 3 June 1931 – 6 March 1999) was the first emir of Bahrain from 1961 until his death in 1999. Born in Jasra, Bahrain, he became emir upon the death of his father, Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa. Early life and reign Isa was born in Jasra to Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa and Mouza bint Hamad Al Khalifa (1933-2009), the daughter of Hamad ibn Abdullah Al Khalifa, and succeeded his father as emir upon his death in November 1961. He was installed in 16 December. Isa visited Ayetollah Mohsin Al Hakim in Najaf in 1968 to indicate his keenness to reinforce relationships with the Shia. During his reign, Bahrain gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1971. While the government initially considered joining the United Arab Emirates, Isa had his country withdraw (along with Qatar) over his dissatisfaction with the proposed constitution . He then attempted to introduce a moderate form of parliamentary democracy, and men (though not women) were given th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amir Of Bahrain
The King of the Kingdom of Bahrain ( ar, ملك مملكة البحرين) is the monarch and head of state of Bahrain. The House of Khalifa has been the ruling family since 1783. Between 1783 and 1971, the Bahraini monarch held the title of hakim, and, from 1971 until 2002, the title of emir. On 14 February 2002, the emir of Bahrain, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, declared Bahrain a kingdom and proclaimed himself the first king. The king enjoys wide ranging powers, which include appointing the prime minister and the cabinet, holding supreme command over the Defence Force, chairing the Higher Judicial Council, appointing the parliament's upper house and dissolving its elected lower house. List of rulers Hakims of Bahrain (1783–1971) The Arabic title of the Hakim, as transliterated, was ''Hakim al-Bahrayn'' ( en, Caretaker of Bahrain). The Hakim also held the honorific title of sheikh. Emirs of Bahrain (1971–2002) The Arabic title of the Emir, as transliterated, was ''A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution Of The State Of Bahrain (1973)
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a ''written constitution''; if they are encompassed in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a ''codified constitution''. The Constitution of the United Kingdom is a notable example of an ''uncodified constitution''; it is instead written in numerous fundamental Acts of a legislature, court cases or treaties. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign countries to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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