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Namnetes
The Namnetes were a Gallic tribe dwelling near the modern city of Nantes during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Namnitō͂n'' (Ναμνιτῶν) by Polybius (2nd c. BC) and Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Namnetes'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Pliny (1st c. AD), and as ''Namnē͂tai'' (Ναμνῆται) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD). The etymology of the ethnonym ''Namnetes'' remains uncertain. Xavier Delamarre has tentatively proposed to interpret the name as 'those of the river', by deriving it from the Proto-Indo-European root *''nem-'' ('curved, bend'), which also gave the Gaulish stem ''nantu''- ('valley, stream'). The element ''namn''- in ''Namnetes'' has also been compared to river names such as the '' Namn-asa'' in northern Spain and the ''Nemun-as'' in Lithuania. According to Blanca María Prósper, however, "Namnetes is a ''locus desperatus'' of Celtic etymology, and to judge from its overall look it probably contains a negative particle. Ethn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nantes
Nantes (, , ; Gallo: or ; ) is a city in Loire-Atlantique on the Loire, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the sixth largest in France, with a population of 314,138 in Nantes proper and a metropolitan area of nearly 1 million inhabitants (2018). With Saint-Nazaire, a seaport on the Loire estuary, Nantes forms one of the main north-western French metropolitan agglomerations. It is the administrative seat of the Loire-Atlantique department and the Pays de la Loire region, one of 18 regions of France. Nantes belongs historically and culturally to Brittany, a former duchy and province, and its omission from the modern administrative region of Brittany is controversial. Nantes was identified during classical antiquity as a port on the Loire. It was the seat of a bishopric at the end of the Roman era before it was conquered by the Bretons in 851. Although Nantes was the primary residence of the 15th-century dukes of Brittany, Rennes became the provincial capital after th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riedones
The Redones or Riedones (Gaulish: ''Rēdones'', later ''Riedones'', 'chariot- or horse-drivers') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the eastern part of the Armorican peninsula (modern Brittany), around their chief town Condate (modern Rennes), during the Iron age and the Roman period. They subjugated to the Roman forces of Publius Licinius Crassus (son of the triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus) in 57 BC, but provided men to the Gallic coalition led by Vercingetorix at the Battle of Alesia in 52. Name They are mentioned as ''R dones'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Rhedones'' (var. ''r edones'', ''s idones'') by Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Rhiḗdones'' (‛Ριήδονες; var. ‛Ρηήδονες), ''Rhḗdones'' (Ῥήδονες) and ''Rhēḯdones'' (Ῥηΐδονες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Redonas'' in the '' Notitia Dignitatum'' (5th c. AD)., s.v. ''Riedones,'' ''Condate Redonum'' and ''Civitas Riedonum''. Their chief town is also attested on inscriptions as ''civ]itas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veneti (Gaul)
The Venetī (, Gaulish language, Gaulish: ''Uenetoi'') were a Gauls, Gallic tribe dwelling in Armorica, in the northern part of the Brittany Peninsula, during the La Tène culture, Iron Age and the Roman period. A seafaring people, the Veneti strongly influenced southwestern Celtic Britons, Brittonic culture through trading relations with Great Britain. After they were defeated by Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, Junius Brutus Albinus in a naval battle in 56 BC, their maritime commerce eventually declined under the Roman Empire, but a prosperous agricultural life is indicated by archaeological evidence. Name They are mentioned as ''Venetos'' by Julius Caesar, Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), Livy (late 1st c. BC) and Pliny the Elder, Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Ouénetoi'' (Οὐένετοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD) and Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), ''Veneti'' on the ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' (5th c. AD), and as ''Benetis'' in the ''Notitia Dignitatum'' (5th c. AD). The ethnonym ''Venetī'' is a la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gauls
The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They spoke Gaulish, a continental Celtic language. The Gauls emerged around the 5th century BC as bearers of La Tène culture north and west of the Alps. By the 4th century BC, they were spread over much of what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland, Southern Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic, by virtue of controlling the trade routes along the river systems of the Rhône, Seine, Rhine, and Danube. They reached the peak of their power in the 3rd century BC. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the Gauls expanded into Northern Italy ( Cisalpine Gaul), leading to the Roman–Gallic wars, and into the Balkans, leading to war with the Greeks. These latter Gauls eventually settled in Anatolia, becoming known as Galatians. After the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pictones
The Pictones were a Gallic tribe dwelling south of the Loire river, in the modern departments of Vendée, Deux-Sèvres and Vienne, during the Iron Age and Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Pictonibus'' and ''Pictones'' by Julius Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Piktónōn'' (Πικτόνων) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Pictones'' by Pliny the Elder (1st c. AD), ''Píktones'' (Πίκτονες; var. πήκτωνες, πήκτονες, πίκτωνες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Pictonici'' by Ausonius (4th c. AD). They were also known as ''Pictavi'' in an inscription (2nd c. AD), the ''Notitia Galliarum'' (4th c. AD) and by Ammianus Marcellinus (4th c. AD). The city of Poitiers, attested ca. 356 AD as ''urbis Pictavorum'' (''Pictavis'' in 400–410, ''Peitieus'' '' Pectievs' in 1071–1127), and the region of Poitou, are named after the Gallic tribe. Geography The Pictones dwelled south-east of the Namnetes, west of the Bituriges Cubi, north-west of the Lemovi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coins Of The Namnetes
A coin is a small, flat (usually depending on the country or value), round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government. Coins often have images, numerals, or text on them. ''Obverse'' and its opposite, ''reverse'', refer to the two flat faces of coins and medals. In this usage, ''obverse'' means the front face of the object and ''reverse'' means the back face. The obverse of a coin is commonly called ''heads'', because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse ''tails''. Coins are usually made of metal or an alloy, or sometimes of man-made materials. They are usually disc shaped. Coins, made of valuable metal, are stored in large quantities as bullion coins. Other coins are used as money in everyday transactions, circulating alongside banknotes. Usually the highest value ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumambulation
Circumambulation (from Latin ''circum'' around and ''ambulātus ''to walk) is the act of moving around a sacred object or idol. Circumambulation of temples or deity images is an integral part of Hindu and Buddhist devotional practice (known in Sanskrit as '' pradakśiṇā''). It is also present in other religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Hinduism In many Hindu temples, the temple structure reflects the symbolism of the Hindu association of the spiritual transition from daily life to spiritual perfection as a journey through stages. Passageways for circumambulation are present through which worshipers move in a clockwise direction, starting at the sanctuary doorway and moving inward toward the inner sanctum where the deity is enshrined. This is a translation of the spiritual concept of transition through levels in life into bodily movements by the worshipers as they move inwardly through ambulatory halls to the most sacred centre of spiritual energy of the d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aulerci Cenomani
The Aulerci Cenomani (or Aulerci Cenomanni) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the modern Sarthe department during the Iron Age and the Roman period. The Cenomani were the most powerful of the Aulerci tribes. Name Attestations They are mentioned as ''Aulercos'' and ''Aulercis, Cenomanis totidem'' '' ll the same' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Aulerci .... Cenomani'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), as ''Au̓lírkioioi̔ oi̔ Kenománnoi'' (Αὐλίρκιοιοἱ οἱ Κενομάννοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Ceromannos'' in the ''Notitia Dignitatum'' (5th c. AD)., s.v. ''Aulerci Cenomani''. An unrelated tribe living near Massalia, in southern Gaul, was also named Cenomani. A part of the Cenomani or another homonym tribe settled in Cisalpine Gaul after the Celtic invasion of the Italian Peninsula in the early 4th century BC. Etymology The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym ''Cenomani'' remains uncertain. The prefix probably stems from the root ''ceno-'', which could have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poseidonios
Posidonius (; grc-gre, Ποσειδώνιος , "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος) (), was a Greek politician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, historian, mathematician, and teacher native to Apamea, Syria. He was considered the most learned man of his time and, possibly, of the entire Stoic school. After a period learning Stoic philosophy from Panaetius in Athens, he spent many years in travel and scientific researches in Spain, Africa, Italy, Gaul, Liguria, Sicily and on the eastern shores of the Adriatic. He settled as a teacher at Rhodes where his fame attracted numerous scholars. Next to Panaetius he did most, by writings and personal lectures, to spread Stoicism to the Roman world, and he became well known to many leading men, including Pompey and Cicero. His works are now lost, but they proved a mine of information to later writers. The titles and subjects of more than twenty of them are known. In common with other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caesar's Civil War, a civil war, and subsequently became Roman dictator, dictator from 49 BC until Assassination of Julius Caesar, his assassination in 44 BC. He played a critical role in Crisis of the Roman Republic, the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power as were opposed by the within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar rose to become one of the most powerful politicians in the Roman Republic through a string of military victories in the G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallic Wars
The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland). Gallic, Germanic, and British tribes fought to defend their homelands against an aggressive Roman campaign. The Wars culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul. Though the Gallic military was as strong as the Romans, the Gallic tribes' internal divisions eased victory for Caesar. Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix's attempt to unite the Gauls under a single banner came too late. Caesar portrayed the invasion as being a preemptive and defensive action, but historians agree that he fought the Wars primarily to boost his political career and to pay off his debts. Still, Gaul was of significant military importance to the Romans. Native tribes in the region, both Gallic and Germanic, had attac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
