|
Nalibaki Massacre
The Naliboki massacre ( pl, zbrodnia w Nalibokach) was the 8 May 1943 mass killing of 127 or 128 Polish people, Poles by Soviet partisans in the small town of Nalibaki, Naliboki in Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), German-occupied Poland (the town is now in Belarus). Background Before the 1939 German-Soviet invasion of Poland, Naliboki was part of eastern Second Polish Republic, Poland's Stołpce County, Nowogródek Voivodeship (1919–1939), Nowogródek Province. Following Operation Barbarossa, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Soviet resistance forces operated in eastern Poland, behind German lines. Since the spring of 1942, the 125th "Stalin" unit operated in the Naliboki forest. Its first documented action was the destruction of a detachment of German police near Nalibaki, Naliboki on June 9, 1942. In addition to them, two other Soviet partisan units operated in the Nalibok forest: the Nikitin's unit and the "Chkalov" unit. Local partisans were recruited from Red Army ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naliboki
Nalibaki ( be, Налібакі, pl, Naliboki, russian: Налибоки) is an agrotown in Minsk Region, in western Belarus. History During the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, since 1555Dagnoslaw Demski, NALIBOKI I PUSZCZA NALIBOCKA — ZARYS DZIEJÓW I PROBLEMATYKIp. 63/ref> the settlement belonged to the family of the Radziwiłł magnates. Eventually it has grown into a ''miasteczko''. Since 1722 it was the home of a glass factory founded by Anna Radziwiłł, closed in 1862. After the Second Partition of Poland, since 1793 it belonged to the Russian Empire. In 1896 it was part of Vilna Governorate, Russian Empire. In 1919 a battle of the Polish-Soviet war occurred nearby. Nalibaki was part of the Second Polish Republic throughout the interwar period, in , , Nowogródek Voivodeship. Following the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, it was annexed to Byelorussian SSR of the Soviet Union. During World War II, the Jewish population of Nalibaki was massacre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (russian: Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних дел, Naródnyy komissariát vnútrennikh del, ), abbreviated NKVD ( ), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union. Established in 1917 as NKVD of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the agency was originally tasked with conducting regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. It was disbanded in 1930, with its functions being dispersed among other agencies, only to be reinstated as an all-union commissariat in 1934. The functions of the OGPU (the secret police organization) were transferred to the NKVD around the year 1930, giving it a monopoly over law enforcement activities that lasted until the end of World War II. During this period, the NKVD included both ordinary public order activities, and secret police activities. The NKVD is known for its role in political repression and for carrying out the Great ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazeta Wyborcza
''Gazeta Wyborcza'' (; ''The Electoral Gazette'' in English) is a Polish daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland. It is the first Polish daily newspaper after the era of "real socialism" and one of Poland's newspapers of record, covering the gamut of political, international and general news from a liberal perspective. History and profile The ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' was first published on 8 May 1989, under the rhyming masthead motto, "''Nie ma wolności bez Solidarności''" ("There's no freedom without Solidarity"). The founders were Andrzej Wajda, Aleksander Paszyński and Zbigniew Bujak. Its founding was an outcome of the Polish Round Table Agreement between the communist government of the People's Republic of Poland and political opponents centred on the Solidarity movement. It was initially owned by Agora SA. Later the American company Cox Communications partially bought the daily. The paper was to serve as the voice of the Solidarity movement during the run-up to the 198 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bielski Partisans
The Bielski partisans were a unit of Jewish partisans who rescued Jews from extermination and fought the German occupiers and their collaborators around Novogrudok and Lida in German-occupied Poland (now western Belarus). The partisan unit was named after the Bielskis, a family of Polish Jews who organized and led the community. The Bielski partisans spent more than two years living in the forest. By the end of the war they numbered as many as 1,236 members, most of whom were non-combatants, including children and the elderly. The Bielski partisans are seen by many Jews as heroes for having led as many refugees as they did away from the perils of war and the Holocaust. However, as their relations with the non-Jewish population were strained and occasionally violent, their wartime record has been the subject of some controversy in Poland.Kazimierz Krajewski – "Opór"? "Odwet"? Czy po prostu "polityka historyczna"? nr 3/2009 - Instytut Pamięci Narodowej page 105 Backgroun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koniuchy Massacre
The Koniuchy (Kaniūkai) massacre was a World War II massacre of civilians, mostly women and children, carried out in the village of Koniuchy (now Kaniūkai, Lithuania) on 29 January 1944 by a Soviet partisan unit together with a contingent of Jewish partisans under Soviet command. At least 38 civilians who have been identified by name were killed, and more than a dozen were injured. In addition, houses were burned and livestock was slaughtered. It was the largest atrocity committed by the Soviet partisans in present-day Lithuania. Sources on the massacre are scarce, fragmentary, and biased hindering objective evaluation of the events. Prior to the massacre, to defend from Soviet partisan raids, the village had formed an armed self-defense force with the encouragement and backing of the German-sponsored Lithuanian Auxiliary Police. The strength and role of this self-defense force is a matter of controversy. According to Soviet and Jewish sources, the force was large and well-a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shchuchyn
Shchuchyn and Ščučyn ( be, Шчучын, Ščučyn, ; russian: Щýчин, ; pl, Szczuczyn Litewski; lt, Šukynas; Yiddish: שטשוטשין, Shtshutshin) is a city in the Grodno Region of Belarus. It is the center of Shchuchyn District. The population is nearly 15,000 (2010). History The first known official written mention of Shchuchyn is recorded in 1436, but its foundation as a settlement dates back to 1537, when 'Shchuchyn was mentioned in the Book of Acts of the ''Lithuanian Metrica'' (the Book of Lithuanian vital records), kept in the Governmental archive in Lithuania. Ownership of Shchuchyn passed from one noble family to another: The Radziwiłł family, then the Drutskiya-Liubetskis, the Scipions, and others ruled Shchuchyn in turn. In the 15th–18th centuries, Shchuchyn became a member of the Lida council of the Vilnius office of voivode. In the first half of the 17th century, Shchuchyn was governed by the outsider marshal of the Lithuanian principality, ''Scipi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armia Krajowa
The Home Army ( pl, Armia Krajowa, abbreviated AK; ) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) established in the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasions in September 1939. Over the next two years, the Home Army absorbed most of the other Polish partisans and underground forces. Its allegiance was to the Polish government-in-exile in London, and it constituted the armed wing of what came to be known as the Polish Underground State. Estimates of the Home Army's 1944 strength range between 200,000 and 600,000. The latter number made the Home Army not only Poland's largest underground resistance movement but, along with Soviet and Yugoslav partisans, one of Europe's largest World War II underground movements. The Home Army sabotaged German transports bound for the Eastern Front in the Soviet Union, destroying German supplies and ty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Hermann
Operation Hermann was a German anti-partisan action in the Naliboki forest area carried out between 13 July 1943 and 11 August 1943. The German battle groups destroyed settlements in the area. During the operation, German troops burned down over 60 Polish and Belarusian villages and murdered 4280 civilians. Between 21,000 and 25,000 people were sent to forced labour in the Third Reich. A Home Army The Home Army ( pl, Armia Krajowa, abbreviated AK; ) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) est ... unit led by Kacper Miłaszewski lost 120 men and was forced out of the forest.The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939-1945, Cambridge University Press, Joshua D. Zimmerman, , pages 274-277 The Bielski partisans, based in the Naliboki forest, managed to evade capture and escaped to the Jasinowo forest after splitting into small groups. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Auxiliary Police
The Belarusian Auxiliary Police ( be, Беларуская дапаможная паліцыя, Biełaruskaja dapamožnaja palicyja; german: Weißruthenische Schutzmannschaften, or Hilfspolizei) was a collaborationist paramilitary force established in July 1941. Staffed by local inhabitants from German-occupied Belarus, it had similar functions to those of the German Ordnungspolizei in other occupied territories. The activities of the formation were supervised by defense police departments, local commandants' offices, and garrison commandants. The units consisted of one police officer for every 100 rural inhabitants and one police officer for every 300 urban inhabitants. Ordnungspolizei was in charge of guard duty, and included both stationary and mobile posts plus groups of orderlies. It was subordinate to the defense police leadership. Activities Belarusian Auxiliary Police participated in civilian massacres across villages on the territory of modern-day Belarus; dubbed the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Looting
Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in the midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war, natural disasters (where law and civil enforcement are temporarily ineffective), or rioting. The proceeds of all these activities can be described as booty, loot, plunder, spoils, or pillage. During modern-day armed conflicts, looting is prohibited by international law, and constitutes a war crime.Rule 52. Pillage is prohibited. ''Customary IHL Database'', (ICRC)/ |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Koniuchy Massacre")
