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Nyulnyul Language
Nyulnyul is an dormant Australian Aboriginal language, formerly spoken by the Nyulnyul people of Western Australia. Mary Carmel Charles is documented as the last fluent speaker of the Nyulnyul language of Western Australia. Phonology Consonants Nyulnyul has seventeen consonant phonemes, with five distinct places of articulation. yulnyul is a morphologically complex language with both prefixing and suffixing. Vowels Nyulnyul uses a three vowel system, with contrastive length for all vowels. Classification Nyulnyul is very closely related to and was possibly mutually intelligible with Bardi, Jawi, Jabirrjabirr and Nimanburru. These are all members of the Western Nyulnyulan subgroup of Nyulnyulan, a non-Pama-Nyungan family of northern Australia. It is possible that Ngumbarl also belongs to this group, although Bowern makes arguments from the Daisy Bates/ Billingee records that Ngumbarl is an Eastern Nyulnyulan language.Bowern, C. 2010Two Missing Pieces in a Nyulnyu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Australia
Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of . It is the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. the state has 2.76 million inhabitants percent of the national total. The vast majority (92 percent) live in the south-west corner; 79 percent of the population lives in the Perth area, leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated. The first Europeans to visit Western Australia belonged to the Dutch Dirk Hartog expedition, who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first permanent European colony of Western Australia occurred following the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glide Consonant
In phonetics and phonology, a semivowel, glide or semiconsonant is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable. Examples of semivowels in English are the consonants ''y'' and ''w'', in ''yes'' and ''west'', respectively. Written in IPA, ''y'' and ''w'' are near to the vowels ''ee'' and ''oo'' in ''seen'' and ''moon,'' written in IPA. The term ''glide'' may alternatively refer to any type of transitional sound, not necessarily a semivowel. Classification Semivowels form a subclass of approximants. Although "semivowel" and "approximant" are sometimes treated as synonymous, most authors use the term "semivowel" for a more restricted set; there is no universally agreed-upon definition, and the exact details may vary from author to author. For example, do not consider the labiodental approximant to be a semivowel, while proposes that it should be considered one. In the International Phoneti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Billingee
Billingee (also Billinggi or Billing-gi) was an Aboriginal man from Jajjala, near Broome, Western Australia. He was a significant cultural intermediary active during the early twentieth century. During the early twentieth century Billingee worked with Daisy Bates to record materials in the Ngumbarl language. In collaboration with Bates, he also created a book of drawings illustrating cultural practices of the people of the Broome region. This book (which was given to the Governor of Western Australia in 1907) may be the earliest account of an Aboriginal man from the Kimberley region to depict his cultural heritage through the use of 'European' art media.Cynthia Coyne, '"Bye and Bye when all the Natives have gone': Daisy Bates and Billingee", in ''Uncommon Ground: White Women and Aboriginal History,'' ed. Anna Cole, Victoria Haskins and Fiona Paisley (Aboriginal Studies Press, 2005/ref> Cynthia Coyne argues that Billingee would have intended these drawings to be "an assertion of h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ngumbarl Language
Ngumbarl is an extinct Nyulnyulan language formerly spoken in Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th .... In the early twentieth century Daisy Bates and Billingee recorded a word list of Ngumbarl language material. References Nyulnyulan languages {{ia-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-Pama-Nyungan
The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363. The Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous language families and isolates, perhaps as many as 13, spoken by the Indigenous peoples of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands. The relationships between the language families are not clear at present although there are proposals to link some into larger groupings. Despite this uncertainty, the Indigenous Australian languages are collectively covered by the technical term "Australian languages", or the "Australian family". The term can include both Tasmanian languages and the Western Torres Strait language, but the genetic relationship to the mainland Australian languages of the former is unknown, while the latter is Pama–Nyungan, though ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyulnyulan
The Nyulnyulan languages are a small family of closely related Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Western Australia. Most languages in this family are extinct, with only three extant languages, all of which are almost extinct. Internal classification The languages form two branches established on the basis of lexical and morphological innovation. * Western or Nyulnyulic: :: Nyulnyul † :: Bardi :: Jawi :: Djabirr-Djabirr † ::Nimanburru † * Eastern or Dyukun: ::Yawuru :: Dyugun † ::Warrwa † ::Nyigina :: Ngumbarl † Vocabulary Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Nyulnyulan languages:Capell, Arthur. 1940The Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia ''Oceania'' 10(3): 241-272, 404-433. : Lexical isoglosses Some lexical isogloss An isogloss, also called a heterogloss (see Etymology below), is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nimanburru Language
Nimanburru is an extinct Western Nyulnyulan language formerly spoken on the eastern shore of the Dampier Peninsula in the north-west of Australia. Archival records exist in the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies and some of the material in Hermann Nekes and Ernest Ailred Worms Ernest Ailred Worms (1891-1963) was a German missionary who lived and worked among Indigenous Australians. He became an expert in Aboriginal languages, and an important contributor to the development of both Australian studies of native languages, ...' ''Australian Languages'' is from the language. References Nyulnyulan languages {{ia-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jabirrjabirr Language
The Jabirr Jabirr language, also known as Djabirr-Djabirr, is a Western Nyulnyulan language formerly spoken by the Jabirr Jabirr people on the coast south of Beagle Bay in Western Australia. Earlier sources spelled the name DjaberrDjaberr or Dyaberdyaber; the contemporary accepted spelling is Jabirr-Jabirr, which reflects the spelling conventions of languages of the Kimberley region. It is also sometimes spelt Jabba Jabba. The language is closely related to Nyulnyul and probably close enough to be mutually intelligible. The source materials from Nekes and Worms' (1953) "Australian Languages" list numerous similarities. Jabirr Jabirr is part of a language revival project. Jabirr Jabirr is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts The Australian Department of Communications and the Arts was a department of the Government of Au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jawi Language
Jawi or Djawi or Djaui, is a moribund language, nearly extinct dialect of the Bardi language of Western Australia, the traditional language of the Jawi people. There are no longer any known fluency, fluent speakers, but there may be some partial speakers. The name has also been spelt Chowie, Djaoi, Djau, Dyao, and Dyawi. Classification Jawi is a Non-Pama–Nyungan languages, Non-Pama–Nyungan language of the Nyulnyulan languages, Nyulnyulan family, most closely related to Bardi language, Bardi. Bowern discusses how Jawi and Bardi may have converged within the last hundred years. Jawi people were hit hard by influenzaSunday Island Mission Records in the early years of the 20th century. Their traditional lands are Sunday Island (King Sound), Sunday Island and the islands of the Buccaneer Archipelago to the northeast. References Cited references General references * * * Bird, W.; Hadley, S. (not dated). "Native vocabulary: Sunday Island", unpublished manuscript. Further r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bardi Language
Bardi (also Baardi, Baard) is an endangered Australian Aboriginal language in the Nyulnyulan family, mutually intelligible with Jawi and possibly other dialects. It is spoken by the Bardi people at the tip of the Dampier peninsula and neighbouring islands (north of Broome, in Northwestern Australia). There are few fluent speakers in the 21st century, but efforts are being made to teach the Bardi language and culture at at least one school. Background Before European settlement at the end of the 19th century, the population size is estimated to have been ~1500 people, with essentially the entire community speaking Bardi. Since then, the ethnic population has increased in number (now contains about 2000 people), but is essentially monolingual in English today (with only the oldest few people still fluent in Bardi). Estimates vary as to how many fluent Bardi speakers remain, but , many middle-aged people could still understand the language, and some of them could speak it to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutual Intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is sometimes used as an important criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used. Intelligibility between languages can be asymmetric, with speakers of one understanding more of the other than speakers of the other understanding the first. When it is relatively symmetric, it is characterized as "mutual". It exists in differing degrees among many related or geographically proximate languages of the world, often in the context of a dialect continuum. Intelligibility Factors An individual's achievement of moderate proficiency or understanding in a language (called L2) other than their first language (L1) typically requires considerable time and effort through study and practical application if the two l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Vowel
An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth. Open vowels are sometimes also called low vowels (in U.S. terminology ) in reference to the low position of the tongue. In the context of the phonology of any particular language, a ''low vowel'' can be any vowel that is more open than a mid vowel. That is, open-mid vowels, near-open vowels, and open vowels can all be considered low vowels. Partial list The open vowels with dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are: * open front unrounded vowel * open front rounded vowel This vowel is not known to occur as a phoneme distinct from in any language. * open back unrounded vowel * open back rounded vowel There also are central vowels that do not have dedicated symbols in the IPA: * open central unrounded vowel or (commonly written as if it were front) * open central rounded vowel There is no unambiguous way of transcribing the open central ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
