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Northern Tai Languages
The Northern Tai languages are an established branch of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia. They include the northern Zhuang languages and Bouyei of China, Tai Mène of Laos and Yoy of Thailand. Languages Ethnologue ''Ethnologue'' distinguishes the following languages: * Saek (Laos and northeast Thailand; listed outside Tai proper in the ''Ethnologue'' classification, though said to be similar to Tai Maen, which is listed as Northern Tai) * Tai Maen (Laos) * Yoy (Thailand) * Bouyei (Buyi) (China) (including the language of the Giáy people of Vietnam) * Central Hongshuihe Zhuang * Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang * Guibei Zhuang * Yei Zhuang * Lianshan Zhuang * Liujiang Zhuang * Liuqian Zhuang * Yongbei Zhuang * Youjiang Zhuang (See varieties of Zhuang.) Yoy is elsewhere classified as Southwestern Tai, and E, which is a mixed language Northern Tai-Chinese language. Longsang Zhuang, a recently described Northern Tai language, is spoken Longsang Township, Debao County, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern China
South China () is a geographical and cultural region that covers the southernmost part of China. Its precise meaning varies with context. A notable feature of South China in comparison to the rest of China is that most of its citizens are not native speakers of Standard Chinese. Cantonese is the most common language in the region while the Guangxi region contains the largest concentration of China's ethnic minorities, each with their own language. Administrative divisions Cities with urban area over one million in population Provincial capitals in bold. Namesake * South China tiger (southern China) * ''South China Morning Post'' (Hong Kong, South China) * Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market (Wuhan, Central China) See also * Lingnan * List of regions of China ** Southern China *** South Central China South Central China, South-Central China or Central-South China ( zh, c = 中南, p = Zhōngnán, l = Central-South), is a region of the People's Republic of China defi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yei Zhuang Language
Yei Zhuang is a Northern Tai language complex spoken in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Its speakers are also known as the Sha (沙族). Distribution In Yunnan, Yei Zhuang dialects are spoken in Funing and Guangnan counties (also in Guangxi to the east and north), as well as Qiubei (probably also in Qujing Municipality to the north). The largest concentrations of Yei Zhuang speakers are found in Qiubei (80% of total Zhuang population) and Funing (50% of total Zhuang population) counties (Johnson 2011a:43). Po-ai, a Tai language of Funing County described by Fang-kuei Li in the mid-1900s, was determined by Johnson (2011b) to be a Yei Zhuang dialect. Names Below are various names (both autonyms and exonyms) for speakers of Yei Zhuang (Johnson 2011a:43). *pu Nong (濮侬) * (Qiubei) *bu Yai (布雅衣) *bu Yei (布依, 布瑞, 布越) *Shazu (沙族) or Sharen (沙人) *Baisha (白沙) *Nongqianbeng (侬迁绷) *Zhongjia (仲家) Many of these are names of Bouyei as well. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kra Language
The Kra languages (also known as the Geyang 仡央 or Kadai languages) are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family spoken in southern China (Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan) and in northern Vietnam ( Hà Giang Province). Names The name ''Kra'' comes from the word C "human" as reconstructed by Ostapirat (2000), which appears in various Kra languages as ''kra'', ''ka'', ''fa'' or ''ha''. Benedict (1942) used the term ''Kadai'' for the Kra and Hlai languages grouped together and the term ''Kra-Dai'' is proposed by Ostapirat (2000). The Kra branch was first identified as a unified group of languages by Liang (1990),Liang Min 梁敏. 1990Geyang yuqun de xishu wenti 仡央语群的系属问题/ On the affiliation of the Ge-Yang group of languages." In ''Minzu Yuwen'' 民族语文 1990(6): 1-8. who called it the ''Geyang'' 仡央 languages. ''Geyang'' 仡央 is a portmanteau of the first syllable of ''Ge''- in Gelao and the last syllable of -''yang'' in Buyang. The name ''Kra'' was prop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guizhou
Guizhou (; formerly Kweichow) is a landlocked province in the southwest region of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Guiyang, in the center of the province. Guizhou borders the autonomous region of Guangxi to the south, Yunnan to the west, Sichuan to the northwest, the municipality of Chongqing to the north, and Hunan to the east. The population of Guizhou stands at 38.5 million, ranking 18th among the provinces in China. The Dian Kingdom, which inhabited the present-day area of Guizhou, was annexed by the Han dynasty in 106 BC. Guizhou was formally made a province in 1413 during the Ming dynasty. After the overthrow of the Qing in 1911 and following the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party took refuge in Guizhou during the Long March between 1934 and 1935. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong promoted the relocation of heavy industry into inland provinces such as Guizhou, to better protect them fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hezhang Buyi Language
Hezhang Buyi () or Shui is an endangered, divergent Northern Tai language spoken in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China. It has a Kra substratum. Like other Kra languages ( Gelao and Buyang), Maza, and Tujia, Hezhang Buyi displays circumfixal negation. Hezhang Buyi was only discovered in 2013. Classification Andrew Hsiu (2017) considers Hezhang Buyi to be an unknown Kra language that had become relexified by neighboring Northern Tai languages. Although its autonym is ', it is highly divergent from the other Buyi dialects of Guizhou (Hsiu 2017). Hezhang Buyi has lost all final stop consonants. It shares lexical and phonological similarities with Buyi dialects spoken in Zhijin County and Shuicheng County of western Guizhou, as well as with Gelao and Lachi. The substrate language of Hezhang Buyi cannot be traced to any modern-day Kra language, but appears to share similarities with various Gelao and Lachi lects. Distribution Hezhang Buyi is spoken in Dazhai 大寨, Fuchu townshi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Debao County
Debao (, zhuang: ) is a county of western Guangxi, China. It is under the administration of Baise City. Economy Bauxite mining is a major industry in Debao County. To facilitate the transportation of the ore, a 72-km single-track electrified railway branch was completed in 2010, connecting Debao with Tiandong on the Nanning-Kunming mainline. The bauxite and other local ores are shipped by rail to Qianxinan in Guizhou, Shihezi in Xinjiang, and to other metallurgical plants throughout the country. In the opposite direction, coal is brought to Debao from Guizhou, Shanxi, and from overseas (via the Fangchenggang port). There are also plans to extend this new railway further southwest from Debao, to the Longbang border crossing (Jingxi County) on the Vietnamese border. Administrative divisions There are 5 towns and 7 townships in the county: Towns: * Chengguan (城关镇), Longdie (隆桑镇), Jingde (敬德镇), Zurong (足荣镇), Ma'ai (马隘镇) Townships: *Du'an Towns ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Longsang Zhuang Language
Longsang Zhuang () is an underdescribed Northern Tai language spoken in Longsang Township 隆桑镇, Debao County, Guangxi, China. Although its autonym and exonym are both ''A1-G'',See Proto-Tai_language#Tones for an explanation of the tone codes. it is completely distinct from Yang Zhuang, a Central Tai language (Liao 2016:377). Distribution Within Longsang Township 隆桑镇, Debao County, Guangxi Guangxi (; ; Chinese postal romanization, alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; ; za, Gvangjsih, italics=yes), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the People's Republic ..., China, Longsang Zhuang is spoken in the following villages (Liao 2016:377-382). *Sanhe (三合屯; ' in Zhuang), Qiaotou Village (桥头村) *Qiaonan (桥南屯 ''C1 C1'' in Zhuang) village, Qiaotou Village (桥头村) *Daji Village (大吉村) *Longtan (龙坛屯; ' in Zhuang), Longtan Village (龙坛村) *Longyuan (龙苑屯), Lon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mixed Language
A mixed language is a language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language. It differs from a creole language, creole or pidgin, pidgin language in that, whereas creoles/pidgins arise where speakers of many languages acquire a common language, a mixed language typically arises in a population that is fluent in both of the source languages. Because all languages show some degree of mixing by virtue of containing Loanword, loanwords, it is a matter of controversy whether the concept of a mixed language can meaningfully be distinguished from the type of contact and borrowing seen in all languages.Arends et al. 1994 Scholars debate to what extent language mixture can be distinguished from other mechanisms such as code-switching, Stratum (linguistics), substrata, or lexical borrowing. Definitions Other terms used in linguistics for the concept of a mixed language include ''hybrid language'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E Language
E () or Wuse/Wusehua () is a Tai–Chinese mixed language spoken primarily in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi, China. It contains features of both Tai and Chinese varieties, generally adopting Chinese vocabulary into Tai grammar. E is a tonal language—distinguishing between seven tones—and contains a few rare phonemes: voiceless versions of the more common nasal consonants and alveolar lateral approximant. Etymology The E language's unusual pinyin-transliterated name, which is also an autonym, consists of a single letter '' e''. The character, which is written " 诶" in Simplified Chinese and " 誒" in Traditional Chinese, usually denotes an expression of affirmation. The language's speakers also refer to their language as ''Kjang E'' . ''Wusehua'' is a derogatory name for E. Geographical distribution In 1992, E was spoken by about 30,000 people, but by 2008 this number had dwindled to 9,000. Most E speakers are classified as Zhuang by the Chinese government. E s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southwestern Tai Languages
The Southwestern Tai, Southwestern Thai or Thai languages are a branch of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia. Its dialects include Siamese (Central Thai), Lanna, Lao, Shan and others. Classification The internal classification of the Southwestern Tai dialects is still not well agreed on. Chamberlain (1975) Chamberlain (1975) divides Southwestern Tai into 4 branches.Chamberlain, James R. 1975.A new look at the history and classification of the Tai dialects" In J. G. Harris and J. R. Chamberlain, eds, Studies in Tai Linguistics in Honor of William J. Gedney, pp. 49-60. Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Office of State Universities. Chamberlain based his classification on the following phonological patterns. (''Note: For an explanation of the notation system for Tai tones, see Proto-Tai language#Tones''.) #/p/ vs. /ph/ #tone *A column split/merger pattern #tone *BCD columns split/merger patterns #B-DL tonal coalescence ;Proto-Southwestern Tai *Branch with distin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Youjiang Zhuang
Youjiang Zhuang, named after the Youjiang River in Guangxi, China, is a Northern Tai or Zhuang Language spoken in Tiandong County, Tianyang District, and parts of the Youjiang District in Baise, Guangxi. History and classification Native speakers refer to the language as , which means "local language". André-Georges Haudricourt in 1956 included the language of Tianzhou, the county seat of Tianyang, under Dioi, his name for Northern Zhuang. Based on data from the 1950s Guangxi Zhuang language survey, Tiandong, Tianyang and a suburb of Baise City were grouped together. This grouping was sometimes called ''Tianyangese'' (). In the 1999 ''A Study of Zhuang Dialects'' this group was referred to as the Youjiang language (), and in 2007 Youjiang Zhuang was added as a separate language to ''Ethnologue''. Phonology Youjiang Zhuang has 10 tones, and can be considered as having 20 initials and 83 finals, though some speakers pronounce the initials and as and respectively. Writin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yongbei Zhuang
Yongbei Zhuang is a Zhuang variety including the dialects of Yongning North, Binyang, Hengxian, and Pingguo dialects. 'Yongbei' 邕北 is Chinese and here means North of the Yongjiang river; in other contexts it can stand for the north of Yongning County, or Yongning North. As an areal group Yongbei includes '' Wuming'' dialect, the basis of Standard Zhuang. However, Wuming falls in the Yongnan-Wuming Zhuang Standard Zhuang (autonym: , , (pre-1982: ; Sawndip: ); ) is the official standardized form of the Zhuang languages, which are a branch of the Northern Tai languages. Its pronunciation is based on that of the Yongbei Zhuang dialect of Shuang ... comparative group. References {{Tai-Kadai languages Languages of China Tai languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
