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Newag
Newag S.A. (pronounced ''"nevag"'') is a Polish company, based in Nowy Sącz, specialising in the production, maintenance, and modernisation of railway rolling stock. The company's products include the 14WE, 19WE, 35WE types electric multiple units. The company has also developed the Nevelo prototype tram and formed a consortium with Siemens Mobility for final assembly of Siemens Inspiro metro trains for the Warsaw Metro and Sofia Metro. History In 1876 (when Nowy Sącz was partitioned by Austria-Hungary), the Imperial–Royal Railway Workshops opened, serving the newly built . After the First World War and the establishment of the Second Polish Republic, the company, renamed "1st Class Main Workshop", was redirected to serve Polish State Railways (PKP), employing some 1,800 workers in 1922. In post-World War II communist Poland the workshop was nationalised and later became a separate, though still state-owned, enterprise officially called "Nowy Sacz Railway Rolling Stock ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Company
A public company is a company whose ownership is organized via shares of share capital, stock which are intended to be freely traded on a stock exchange or in over-the-counter (finance), over-the-counter markets. A public (publicly traded) company can be listed on a stock exchange (listing (finance), listed company), which facilitates the trade of shares, or not (unlisted public company). In some jurisdictions, public companies over a certain size must be listed on an exchange. In most cases, public companies are ''private'' enterprises in the ''private'' sector, and "public" emphasizes their reporting and trading on the public markets. Public companies are formed within the legal systems of particular states and so have associations and formal designations, which are distinct and separate in the polity in which they reside. In the United States, for example, a public company is usually a type of corporation, though a corporation need not be a public company. In the United Kin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sofia Metro
The Sofia Metro (, also colloquially called ) is the rapid transit network servicing the Bulgarian capital city Sofia. It is the only metro in Bulgaria. It began operation on 28 January 1998. , the Sofia Metro consists of four interconnected lines, serving 47 stations, with a total route length of and also being among the top 15 of the most extensive European metro systems, ranking 14th as of 2023. The Metro links the densely populated districts of Lyulin – Mladost (M1 line – Red) and Nadezhda – Lozenets (M2 line – Blue), and serves the Sofia Airport. History Planned since the 1960s, construction of the metro started in the 80s with the demolition of a significant number of buildings. At the beginning of the 90s, construction stopped due to a lack of funds and the complexity of the construction work. Being one of the oldest cities in Europe, Sofia contains many historical layers underneath its central areas. Evidence of antiquity can be clearly seen at the Serdika ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Hat (computer Security)
A white hat (or a white-hat hacker, a whitehat) is an ethical security hacker. Ethical hacking is a term meant to imply a broader category than just penetration testing. Under the owner's consent, white-hat hackers aim to identify any vulnerabilities or security issues the current system has. The white hat is contrasted with the black hat, a malicious hacker; this definitional dichotomy comes from Western films, where heroic and antagonistic cowboys might traditionally wear a white and a black hat, respectively. There is a third kind of hacker known as a grey hat who hacks with good intentions but at times without permission. White-hat hackers may also work in teams called " sneakers and/or hacker clubs", red teams, or tiger teams. History One of the first instances of an ethical hack being used was a "security evaluation" conducted by the United States Air Force, in which the Multics operating systems were tested for "potential use as a two-level (secret/top secret) system. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PKP Intercity
PKP Intercity is the subsidiary of the PKP Group responsible for long-distance rail passenger transport in Poland. It operates around 350 trains daily, connecting large agglomerations and smaller towns in Poland. It offers its services under TLK, InterCity, Express Intercity and Express Intercity Premium brands. The company also provides most international rail connections to and from the country. In 2023, the company reported an 18.2% of market share in terms of total number of served passengers in the country. History PKP Intercity came into existence as a result of a major restructuring of the state-owned Polish railway operator Polskie Koleje Państwowe which, in 2001, was divided up into several different companies that were operated as independent entities on a commercial basis. This restructuring was aimed at separating railway operating activities from the management of Poland's railway infrastructure. PKP Intercity is a subsidiary of PKP Group, a state-owned holding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warsaw Stock Exchange
The Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) () is a stock exchange in Warsaw, Poland. Founded in 1817, it was located in the Saxon Palace until 1877 when it was moved to the Exchange Building at the Saxon Garden. Currently, it is located at ul. Książęca 4 in the Śródmieście District of Warsaw in the Exchange Center Building (Polish: ''Centrum Giełdowe'') opened in 2000. As of May 2025, there are 406 companies, including 43 foreign ones, quoted on the stock exchange whose market capitalization amounts to PLN 1.99 trillion (USD 528.58 billion), making it the largest stock exchange in Central and Eastern Europe. The most important stock market indices of the Warsaw Stock Exchange are WIG20, WIG30, MWIG40 and SWIG80. Trading at Warsaw runs from 08:30 to 17:00 with closing auction from 17:00-17:05. As of early 2025, the WSE was majority-owned by the Polish government. It is a member of the Federation of European Securities Exchanges. On 17 December 2013, the WSE also joined the United ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grodzisk Mazowiecki–Zawiercie Railway
The Grodzisk Mazowiecki–Zawiercie railway better known as the Central Rail Line (, ''CMK''), designated by Polish national railway infrastructure manager PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe as rail line number 4 (), is a long railway line in Poland between Zawiercie outside the Katowice urban area and Grodzisk Mazowiecki in the suburbs of Warsaw. The line was originally built for freight transport, but now carries mostly InterCity and EuroCity long-distance passenger services from cities in the southern part of the country such as Katowice, Kraków, Wrocław, Opole and Częstochowa to Warsaw. History The CMK was constructed between 1971 and 1977, as a freight line designed to haul coal from Upper Silesia and the Dąbrowa Basin to the ports of the Tricity. According to the original idea, it was supposed to start at Zawiercie, and end at Tczew or Gdańsk on the Baltic Sea coast. However, the economic crisis in mid-1970s Poland changed these plans, and the CMK ends at Grodzisk Mazowi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Newag Impuls
Newag Impuls is a family of Standard-gauge railway, standard-gauge Electric multiple unit, electric, Diesel multiple unit, diesel and Electro-diesel multiple unit, bi-mode (''hybrid'') multiple units manufactured by Polish railway rolling stock manufacturer Newag. Manufactured in several versions, they differ in the number of cars and purpose. The company offers several versions: electric 2-car (types 37WE and 37WEa), 3-car (types 36WE, 36WEa, 36WEb, 36WEd), 4-car (type 31WE), 5-car (type 45WE) and 6-car (type 35WE) trainsets, and also diesel and bi-mode 3-car (types 36WEhd and 36WEh, respectively) ones. By the end of 2020, 190 Impulses were ordered. Description The Impuls family of trains are low-floor multiple units equipped with a full interior monitoring system, air-conditioning, passenger information system and can have ticket dispensers if requested. Their interior is suitable for the needs of passengers with reduced mobility. It features sloping floors, folded steps, broa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PKP Class TKt48
The PKP class TKt48 was a class of freight tank (TK) 2-8-2 (t) steam locomotive of the Polish State Railways (PKP). Originally intended for use in suburban traffic, the locomotives were later mainly used for passenger and freight trains on the low mountain range in southern Poland. Six locomotives were sold to Albania. The locomotive was designed in the central Polish design office in Poznan from 1948. The basis of the construction were never implemented plans for a series 83 of the DR, which came from the Linke-Hofmann-Werke in Breslau. In the years 1950–57, over 200 locomotives were supplied by the Polish locomotive factories Cegielski and Fablok, 191 of which were delivered to PKP. The locomotives proved to be unsuitable for their original application in fast suburban traffic because of their rather low power. Thanks to the relatively high frictional mass, however, the locomotives were ideal for operation on the low mountain range. On the routes in the Giant Mountains and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), and also often simply known as Poland, was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million near the end of its existence, it was the second most-populous communist government, communist and Eastern Bloc country in Europe. It was also where the Warsaw Pact was founded. The largest city and capital was Warsaw, followed by the industrial city of Łódź and cultural city of Kraków. The country was bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north, the Soviet Union to the east, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Czechoslovakia to the south, and East Germany to the west. The Polish People's Republic was a unitary state with a Marxist–Leninist government established in the country after the Red Army's takeover of Polish territory from Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), German occupation in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish State Railways
The Polish State Railways ( , abbr.: PKP S.A.) is a Polish state-owned holding company (legally a sole-shareholder company of the State Treasury) comprising the rail transport holdings of the country's formerly dominant namesake railway operator. The company was reformed in 2001 when the former Polish State Railways state-owned enterprise was divided into several units based on the need for separation between infrastructure management and transport operations. Polish State Railways is the dominant company in the PKP Group collective that resulted from the split, and maintains 100% share control, being fully responsible for the assets of all of the other PKP Group component companies. PKP today PKP is currently the parent company of the PKP Group, passenger operators PKP Intercity and PKP Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trójmieście. Freight carriers PKP Cargo and PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa are also parts of the group. PKP is also one of the largest real estate managers in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I. The Second Republic was taken over in 1939, after it was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Polish government-in-exile was established in Paris and later London after the fall of France in 1940. When, after several regional conflicts, most importantly the victorious Polish-Soviet war, the borders of the state were finalized in 1922, Poland's neighbours were Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Free City of Danzig, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, and the Soviet Union. It had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline known as the Polish Corridor on either side of the city of Gdynia. Between March and August 1939, Poland a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in European theatre of World War I, Europe and the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, Middle East, as well as in parts of African theatre of World War I, Africa and the Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I, Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare; the widespread use of Artillery of World War I, artillery, machine guns, and Chemical weapons in World War I, chemical weapons (gas); and the introductions of Tanks in World War I, tanks and Aviation in World War I, aircraft. World War I was one of the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflicts in history, resulting in an estimated World War I casualties, 10 million military dead and more than 20 million wounded, plus some 10 million civilian de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
