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NKVD Order 00485
The Soviet NKVD Order No. 00485 was an anti-Polish ethnic cleansing campaign issued on August 11, 1937, which laid the foundation for the systematic elimination of the Polish minority in the Soviet Union between 1937 and 1938. The order was called "On the liquidation of Polish sabotage and espionage groups and units of the POW" (POW stands for Polish Military Organization, Polska Organizacja Wojskowa) (russian: О ликвидации польских диверсионно-шпионских групп и организаций ПОВ). It is dated August 9, 1937, was issued by the Central Committee Politburo (VKP b), and signed by Nikolai Yezhov, the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs. The operation was at the center of the national operations of the NKVD, and the largest ethnically motivated shooting action of the Great Terror. Arrests and executions According to the order, the entire operation was to be completed in three months. Subject to arrest and immediate elim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad (Russian SFSR), Kiev (Ukrainian SSR), Minsk ( Byelorussian SSR), Tashkent (Uzbek SSR), Alma-Ata (Kazakh SSR), and Novosibirsk (Russian SFSR). It was the largest country in the world, covering over and spanning eleven time zones. The country's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Super Express (newspaper)
''Super Express'' is a Polish Tabloid (newspaper format), tabloid published in Warsaw with daily circulation of about 370,000. History and profile ''Super Express'' was established in 1991. The paper, owned and published by the Media Express, is best known for publications about political scandals. The former owners of the paper were Bonnier Group, Bonnier and ZPR Express, each held %50. Before the 1993 and 1995 elections in Poland ''Super Express'' published pre-election polls, although there's a 24-hour time period without media information about politics. The paper published also photos of Polish Television (Telewizja Polska, TVP) war-correspondent Waldemar Milewicz's body after he was killed by the Iraqi insurgents. For the first decade of its operation (until 2003) ''Super Express'' ranked as second in Poland in terms of the quality of information and sale results, behind the leading ''Gazeta Wyborcza''. The editorial profile of SE changed for a few years to a more compe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press A university press is an academic publishing house specializing in monographs and scholarly journals. Most are nonprofit organizations and an integral component of a large research university. They publish work that has been reviewed by schola ... in the world. It is also the King's Printer. Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher. It became part of Cambridge University Press & Assessment, following a merger with Cambridge Assessment in 2021. With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 Country, countries, it publishes over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries. Its publishing includes more than 380 academic journals, monographs, reference works, school and uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NKVD Order No
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (russian: Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних дел, Naródnyy komissariát vnútrennikh del, ), abbreviated NKVD ( ), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union. Established in 1917 as NKVD of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the agency was originally tasked with conducting regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. It was disbanded in 1930, with its functions being dispersed among other agencies, only to be reinstated as an all-union commissariat in 1934. The functions of the OGPU (the secret police organization) were transferred to the NKVD around the year 1930, giving it a monopoly over law enforcement activities that lasted until the end of World War II. During this period, the NKVD included both ordinary public order activities, and secret police activities. The NKVD is known for its role in political repression and for carrying out the Great ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Operation Of NKVD
The Greek Operation (russian: Греческая Операция, translit=Grecheskaya Operatsiya; uk, Грецька Операція, translit=Hretska Operatsiia; gr, Ελληνική επιχείρηση) was an organised mass persecution of the Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union, Greeks of the Soviet Union that was ordered by Soviet Union, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Greeks often use the term "pogrom" (πογκρόμ) for this persecution.Το πογκρόμ κατά των Ελλήνων της ΕΣΣΔ ''ΕΛΛΑΔΑ'', 09.12.2007 It began on December 15, 1937, and marked the beginning of the repressions against Greeks that went on for 13 years. Depending on the sources, it is estimat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Operation Of The NKVD
Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania ** Romanians, an ethnic group ** Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional foods **Romanian folklore *Romanian (stage), a stage in the Paratethys The Paratethys sea, Paratethys ocean, Paratethys realm or just Paratethys was a large shallow inland sea that stretched from the region north of the Alps over Central Europe to the Aral Sea in Central Asia. Paratethys was peculiar due to its pa ... stratigraphy of Central and Eastern Europe *'' The Romanian'' newspaper *'' The Romanian: Story of an Obsession'', a 2004 novel by Bruce Benderson * * {{disambiguation Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estonian Operation Of The NKVD
The Estonian Operation of the NKVD was a mass arrest, execution and deportations of persons of Estonian origin in the Soviet Union by the NKVD during the period of Great Purge (1937–1938). It was a part of the larger mass operations of the NKVD Mass operations of the People's Comissariate of Internal Affairs (NKVD) were carried out during the Great Purge and targeted specific categories of people. As a rule, they were carried out according to the corresponding order of the People's Commis ... which targeted many minority nationalities in the Soviet Union. A total of 4,672 were killed during the repression. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Estonian Operation of the NKVD Political repression in the Soviet Union Great Purge NKVD Massacres in the Soviet Union 1937 in the Soviet Union 1938 in the Soviet Union Mass murder in 1937 Mass murder in 1938 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finnish Operation Of The NKVD
The Finnish Operation of the NKVD was a mass arrest, execution and deportations of persons of Finnish origin in the Soviet Union by the NKVD during the period of Great Purge (1937–1938). It was a part of the larger mass operations of the NKVD which targeted many minority nationalities in the Soviet Union. Different estimations range from 8,000 to 25,000 of Finns killed or disappearing during the repression. Early anti-Finnish campaigns Soviet repression of the Ingrian Finns, who are a people closely related to the Finns, started at the same time as the forced collectivization in the Soviet Union in 1928. Between 1929 and 1931 Soviet authorities deported 18,000 people from areas near the Finnish border, consisting of up to 16% of the total Ingrian Finnic population. All remaining Finns in four border parishes were deported in 1936 and replaced with Russians. In 1937 all Finnish-language schools, publications, broadcasts, and Ingrian Lutheran churches were closed down. The Finni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latvian Operation Of The NKVD
The ''Latvian Operation'' (russian: «Латышская операция», lv, „Latviešu operācija”) was a national operation of the NKVD against ethnic Latvians, Latvian nationals and persons otherwise affiliated with Latvia and/or Latvians in the Soviet Union from 1937 to 1938 during the period of the Great Purge. Latvians in the Soviet Union until 1936 More than 500 Latvian peasant colonies originating from the 19th century following the abolition of serfdom existed near St. Petersburg, Novgorod and in Siberia. As the Eastern Front was approaching Courland in the First World War, extensive forced evacuations were carried out, so that the number of Latvians living in Russia doubled to nearly 500,000. Many of the Latvian Riflemen were early supporters of the Bolsheviks in 1917. With the end of the First World War and the Russian Civil War, many of the refugees were able to return to independent Latvia. The Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty provided explicitly for th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Operation Of The NKVD
NKVD Order № 00439, signed by Nikolai Yezhov on July 25, 1937, was the basis for the German operation of the NKVD in 1937–1938. The operation was the first in the series of national operations of the NKVD. See also *Anti-German sentiment *Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) Flight or flying is the process by which an object moves through a space without contacting any planetary surface, either within an atmosphere (i.e. air flight or aviation) or through the vacuum of outer space (i.e. spaceflight). This can be ... * 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact References NKVD Government documents of the Soviet Union Political repression in the Soviet Union Russian and Soviet-German people Germany–Soviet Union relations 1937 in international relations 1937 documents Great Purge Ethnic cleansing in Europe Ethnic cleansing of Germans Mass murder in 1937 {{USSR-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mass Operations Of The NKVD
Mass operations of the People's Comissariate of Internal Affairs (NKVD) were carried out during the Great Purge and targeted specific categories of people. As a rule, they were carried out according to the corresponding order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Nikolai Yezhov. List * Ex-kulaks, criminals, and other anti-Soviet "elements" ~386,798 killed (mostly ethnic Ukrainians) **NKVD Order No. 00447 *Family members of traitors to the Motherland * Kharbin Operation of the NKVD ~30,992 killed National operations of the NKVD The operations of this type in this period targeted "foreign" ethnicities (ethnicities with cross-border ties to foreign nation-states), unlike nationally targeted repressions during World War II. According to historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin became concerned about rearguard uprisings that were seen in the Spanish Civil War and believed that "nationalities of foreign governments" posed a threat in border regions, even if they were Soviet citizens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Album Procedure
The album procedure (russian: в альбомном порядке, v albomnom poryadke) was a simplified procedure of extrajudicial punishment, extrajudicial conviction by NKVD, introduced in the Soviet Union during the Great Purge. The level of punishment (execution or imprisonment) of the arrested persons was decided by local organs during the investigation, the lists of the convicted were sent to NKVD headquarters, where they were approved ''en masse'' and returned for immediate application of the punishment. The name of the procedure came about because the lists collected by mid-range NKVD organs were bound into albums. Procedure The procedure was introduced in the August 11, 1937 NKVD Order No. 00485 "On liquidation of Poles, Polish sabotage and espionage groups and units of P.O.W." (P.O.W. stands for the Polish Military Organization, Polska Organizacja Wojskowa.) The order specifies the process as follows: *During investigations all arrested are to be classified into two c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
