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Mülk
Mülk was a type of land unit under the Ottoman Caliphate, Ottomans. Characteristics of mülk Mülk was similar to freehold (law), freehold land; owners could buy, sell, and mortgage freely. It was exempt from some kinds of land taxes. Mülk was about more than just the ''land''; it might also include the right to annual Malikâne, malikane payments from tenants and farmers. Context In much of the near east, mülk can be contrasted against miri, which was effectively state-controlled land (perhaps a former mülk forfeited to the state when the owner had no heir to pass it on to). In some ways, mülk was similar to waqf property. Related concepts * Chiflik (Ottoman Empire), çiftlik * Iltizam * Tapu resmi * Sinirname * Malikane * Miri * Mawat (other), mawat: Dead land, or wilderness. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Mulk Land management in the Ottoman Empire Property law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinirname
A Sınırname was a type of document in the Ottoman empire, representing an area of land; similar to a modern title deed, although often describing a larger area such as a village or district, rather than a single residence. A ''sınırname'' would be granted by a higher authority - even the sultan. It would describe the boundary of the land. A sınırname might be issued like a land grant, or it might be issued following resolution of a border dispute (for instance, by a Kadı, kadi). ''Sınırname'' also described land usage; they were parallel to the system of defters which were used for taxation. References {{reflist Land management in the Ottoman Empire Property law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malikâne
Malikâne was a form of tax farming introduced in the Ottoman empire in 1695. It was intended as an improvement on the Iltizam system, in which a tax-farmer was responsible for a single year. Malikâne contracts were for life; this provided more security for the tax farmer (''malikaneci'') and a less exploitative relationship with the peasants; malikanecis might even make investments to improve productivity. However, vested interests - from existing mültezims who benefited from the Iltizam system - prevented wider adoption of malikâne. Also, malikâne could not be converted into vakf - an important distinction from mülk. A malikâne tax-farm, typically for a village or district, would be auction An auction is usually a process of buying and selling goods or services by offering them up for bids, taking bids, and then selling the item to the highest bidder or buying the item from the lowest bidder. Some exceptions to this definition ex ...ed to the highest bidder; in return ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinirname
A Sınırname was a type of document in the Ottoman empire, representing an area of land; similar to a modern title deed, although often describing a larger area such as a village or district, rather than a single residence. A ''sınırname'' would be granted by a higher authority - even the sultan. It would describe the boundary of the land. A sınırname might be issued like a land grant, or it might be issued following resolution of a border dispute (for instance, by a Kadı, kadi). ''Sınırname'' also described land usage; they were parallel to the system of defters which were used for taxation. References {{reflist Land management in the Ottoman Empire Property law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Caliphate
The Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire ( ota, خلافت مقامى, hilâfet makamı, office of the caliphate) was the claim of the heads of the Turkish Ottoman dynasty to be the caliphs of Islam in the late medieval and the early modern era. During the period of Ottoman expansion, Ottoman rulers claimed caliphal authority after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by Sultan Selim I in 1517, which bestowed the title of Defender of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina upon him and strengthened the Ottoman claim to caliphate in the Muslim world. The demise of the Ottoman Caliphate took place because of a slow erosion of power in relation to Western Europe, and because of the end of the Ottoman state as a consequence of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the League of Nations mandate. Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman caliph, held his caliphal position for a couple of years after the partitioning, but with Mustafa Kemal Pasha's secular reforms and the subsequent exile of the royal O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freehold (law)
In common law jurisdictions such as England and Wales, Australia, Canada, and Ireland, a freehold is the common mode of ownership of real property, or land, and all immovable structures attached to such land. It is in contrast to a leasehold, in which the property reverts to the owner of the land after the lease period expires or otherwise lawfully terminates. For an estate to be a freehold, it must possess two qualities: immobility (property must be land or some interest issuing out of or annexed to land) and ownership of it must be forever ("of an indeterminate duration"). If the time of ownership can be fixed and determined, it cannot be a freehold. It is "An estate in land held in fee simple, fee tail or for term of life." The default position subset is the perpetual freehold, which is "an estate given to a grantee for life, and then successively to the grantee's heirs for life." England and Wales Diversity of freeholds before 1925 In England and Wales, before the Law of Prope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waqf
A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or '' mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets. A charitable trust may hold the donated assets. The person making such dedication is known as a ''waqif'' (a donor). In Ottoman Turkish law, and later under the British Mandate of Palestine, a ''waqf'' was defined as usufruct state land (or property) from which the state revenues are assured to pious foundations. Although the ''waqf'' system depended on several hadiths and presented elements similar to practices from pre-Islamic cultures, it seems that the specific full-fledged Islamic legal form of endowment called ''waqf'' dates from the 9th century AD (see below). Terminology In Sunni jurisprudence, ''waqf'', also spelled ''wakf'' ( ar, وَقْف; plural , ''awqāf''; tr, vak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiflik (Ottoman Empire)
Chiflik, or chiftlik (Ottoman Turkish: ; al, çiflig; bg, чифлик, ''chiflik''; mk, чифлиг, ''čiflig''; el, τσιφλίκι, ''tsiflíki''; sr, читлук/''čitluk''), is a Turkish term for a system of land management in the Ottoman Empire. Before the chiflik system the Empire used a non-hereditary form of land management called the Timar System. Starting as the Empire began to collapse, powerful military officers started to claim land from the Sultan's holding allowing them to pass the land onto their sons thus creating the Chiflik system. This form of land management lasted from the sixteenth century to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1919. Background In the Ottoman Empire before the Chiflik system was adopted the Timar system was official Ottoman policy. The system was one in which the projected revenue of a conquered territory was distributed in the form of temporary land grants among the Sipahis (cavalrymen) and other members of the military ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iltizam
An Iltizām (Arabic التزام) was a form of tax farm that appeared in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire. The system began under Mehmed the Conqueror and was abolished during the Tanzimat reforms in 1856. Iltizams were sold off by the government to wealthy notables, who would then reap up to five times the amount they had paid by taxing the peasants and extracting agricultural production. It was a system that was very profitable and was of great benefit to the Egyptian aristocracy under the Mameluks, and helped create a large and powerful elite. In Egypt, it was abolished by Muhammad Ali as part of his centralization efforts in the early nineteenth century. The holder of an Iltizām was a ''mültezim'' (ملتزم). Iltizām was typically an annual agreement; malikâne Malikâne was a form of tax farming introduced in the Ottoman empire in 1695. It was intended as an improvement on the Iltizam system, in which a tax-farmer was responsible for a single year. Malikâne co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tapu Resmi
The tapu resmi was a feudal land tax in the Ottoman Empire. A ''tapu'' was the equivalent of a title deed for farmland, in a feudal system where farmers were proprietors rather than outright owners; this would be recorded in a ''tapu tahrir'', a survey of land ownership and land grants which the Ottoman government used to update land-tax records, and which are now valuable to historians. Not all land was subject to the tapu system; iltizam tax-farming was more commonly applied to non-tapu land. A prominent 16th-century legal theorist argued that tapu resmi was contrary to shari'ah law, and was effectively a bribe; however, tapu resmi continued to be used across the Ottoman Empire. Tapu resmi was a ''divani'' tax on these land titles, payable to the timar holder. Because land inherited land was subject to a change of title, tapu resmi could also be seen as an ''inheritance'' tax; but the tapu resmi fee was payable on other transfers too, including when farmland fell vacant because ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mawat (other)
{{disambiguation ...
Mawat may refer to: * Mawat, Iraq, a town in Iraqi Kurdistan * Rumah Mawat, a settlement in Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Management In The Ottoman Empire
Land, also known as dry land, ground, or earth, is the solid terrestrial surface of the planet Earth that is not submerged by the ocean or other bodies of water. It makes up 29% of Earth's surface and includes the continents and various islands. Earth's land surface is almost entirely covered by regolith, a layer of rock, soil, and minerals that forms the outer part of the crust. Land plays important roles in Earth's climate system and is involved in the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle. One-third of land is covered in trees, 15% is used for crops, and 10% is covered in permanent snow and glaciers. Land terrain varies greatly and consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, glaciers, and other landforms. In physical geology, the land is divided into two major categories: mountain ranges and relatively flat interiors called cratons. Both are formed over millions of years through plate tectonics. A major part of Earth's water cycle, streams shape the landscape ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
