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Mycosphaerella Cruenta
''Mycosphaerella cruenta'', also called ''Pseudocercosopora cruenta'' in its asexual stage, is a fungal plant pathogen belonging to the group Ascomycota. It can affect several legume plants, including species of ''Phaseolus, Vigna, Calopogonium, Lablab niger, Mucuna'' and ''Stizolobium deeringianum ucuna pruriens.html" ;"title="">[2/nowiki>">">[2/nowiki> It causes cowpea cercospora leaf spot, one of the most widespread and significant plant diseases in Africa and Asia. A city in China reported a 100% ''Mycosphaerella cruenta'' infection rate on cowpea in 2014[5]. In Africa, an epidemic can cause a yield loss of up to 40% Symptoms and signs Cercospora leaf spots of cowpea begin as small, lighter coloured areas, almost yellow. Later they become bronze to dark grey, roughly circular to more elongated and up to 10 mm across There will be chlorotic spots on upper surfaces of leaves, masses of spores on lesions which resemble black mats on lower leaf surface, and necrotic spots ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Septoria Leafspot
''Septoria'' are ascomycete pycnidia-producing fungi that cause numerous leaf spot diseases on field crops, forages and many vegetables including tomatoes which are known to contract '' Septoria musiva'' from nearby cottonwood trees, and is responsible for yield losses. The genus is widespread, and estimated to contain 1072 species. Pycnidia produce needle-like pycnidiospores. ''Septoria apiicola'' is the cause of late blight of celery. It is characterized by the production of conidia within pycnidia. The symptoms include chlorotic spots that turn brown and necrotic. ''Septoria apiicola'' can survive on seeds. Several species of passion flower are infected by several species of ''Septoria'', and a fungus, which has been going by the name '' Septoria passiflorae'' but which is probably an undescribed species, has been used to control the invasive ''Passiflora tarminiana ''Passiflora tarminiana'' (or banana passionfruit) is a species of passionfruit. The yellow fruits ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascochyta Blight
''Didymella rabiei'', commonly called chickpea ascochyta blight fungus, is a fungal plant pathogen of chickpea. ''Didymella rabiei'' is the teleomorph of ''Ascochyta rabiei'', which is the anamorph, but both names are the same species. Names The specific epithet ''rabiei'' refers to or 'rabies of chickpea', a name for the disease. The disease is also referred to as ascochyta blight but there are other fungal species that cause diseases in other pulse species that also go by that term. It also goes by the name blight of chickpea. In French it is called ( lit. 'chickpea anthracnose') or ('chickpea ascochyta'). In German it is referred to as (anthracnose: chickpea'). It is called ('garbanzo ascochyta') or ('rabies of garbanzo') in Spanish. Signs and symptoms Once ascochyta blight has infected a healthy chickpea plant, it will start to develop lesions on all aerial plant parts. If a seed pod becomes infected, it may initially be asymptomatic, but will eventually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conidium
A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. The two new haploid cells are genetically identical to the haploid parent, and can develop into new organisms if conditions are favorable, and serve in biological dispersal. Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes (the phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive between species and, before the development of molecular techniques at the end of the 20th century, was widely used for identification of (''e.g.'' ''Metarhizium'') species. The terms microconidia and macroconidia are sometimes used. Conidiogenesis There are two main types of co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascus
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can occur in numbers of one (e.g. ''Monosporascus cannonballus''), two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci (e.g. ''Tympanis'') with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some ''Cordyceps'', also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be coenocytic (lacking a septum), and in some cases coenocytic in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei. The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm (the portion of cytoplasm not used in ascospore formation) that is surrounded by the "bourrelet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intercropping
Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice that involves growing two or more crops in proximity. In other words, intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop. Methods The degree of spatial and temporal overlap in the two crops can vary somewhat, but both requirements must be met for a cropping system to be an intercrop. Numerous types of intercropping, all of which vary the temporal and spatial mixture to some degree, have been identified. Maslin Mixed intercropping, (also known as maslin) is the most basic form in which multiple crops are freely mixed in the available space. Maslin is a common practice in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Georgia, and a few other places. Maslin has been practiced for thousands of years. In Medieval England, farmer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maize
Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences (or "tassels") and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that when fertilized yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. The term ''maize'' is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a common name because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike ''corn'', which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region. Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sorghum
''Sorghum'' () is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the grass family (Poaceae). Some of these species are grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. One species is grown for grain, while many others are used as fodder plants, either cultivated in warm climates worldwide or naturalized in pasture lands. Taxonomy ''Sorghum'' is in the Poaceae (grass) subfamily Panicoideae and the tribe Andropogoneae (the same as maize, big bluestem and sugarcane). Species Accepted species recorded include: Distribution and habitat Seventeen of the 25 species are native to Australia, with the range of some extending to Africa, Asia, Mesoamerica, and certain islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Toxicity In the early stages of the plants' growth, some species of sorghum can contain levels of hydrogen cyanide, hordenine, and nitrates, which are lethal to grazing animals. Plants stressed by drought or heat can also contain toxic lev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mancozeb
Mancozeb is a dithiocarbamate non-systemic agricultural fungicide with multi-site, protective action on contact. It is a combination of two other dithiocarbamates: maneb and zineb. The mixture controls many fungal diseases in a wide range of field crops, fruits, nuts, vegetables, and ornamentals. It is marketed as Penncozeb, Trimanoc, Vondozeb, Dithane, Manzeb, Nemispot, and Manzane. In Canada, a mixture of zoxamide and mancozeb was registered for control of the mildew named Gavel as early as 2008. Mechanism Mancozeb reacts with, and inactivates, the sulfhydryl groups of amino acids and enzymes within fungal cells, resulting in disruption of lipid metabolism, respiration, and production of adenosine triphosphate. Mancozeb is listed under FRAC code M:03 The "M:" refers to Chemicals with Multi-Site Activity. "M:" FRAC groups are defined as generally considered as a low risk group without any signs of resistance developing to the fungicides. Toxicology A major toxicological conc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Mycosphaerella Species
This is a list of fungi species belonging to the genus ''Mycosphaerella''. The genus includes at least 10,000 species. A *'' Mycosphaerella abutilontidicola'' *'' Mycosphaerella acaciae'' *'' Mycosphaerella acaciigena'' *'' Mycosphaerella acanthopanacis'' *'' Mycosphaerella aceris'' *'' Mycosphaerella acerna'' *'' Mycosphaerella achilleae'' *'' Mycosphaerella acicola'' *'' Mycosphaerella acilegna'' *'' Mycosphaerella aconitorum'' *'' Mycosphaerella acori'' *'' Mycosphaerella acrocomiicola'' *'' Mycosphaerella actaeae'' *'' Mycosphaerella actinidiae'' *'' Mycosphaerella adenophorae'' *'' Mycosphaerella adhatodae'' *'' Mycosphaerella adonidina'' *'' Mycosphaerella advena'' *'' Mycosphaerella aeluropodis'' *'' Mycosphaerella aequatoriensis'' *'' Mycosphaerella aesculi'' *'' Mycosphaerella aethiops'' *'' Mycosphaerella afghanica'' *'' Mycosphaerella africana'' *'' Mycosphaerella agapanthi'' *'' Mycosphaerella agapanthi-umbellati'' *'' Mycosphaerella agaves'' *'' Mycosphaerella aggreg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycosphaerella
''Mycosphaerella'' is a genus of ascomycota. With more than 10,000 species, it is the largest genus of plant pathogen fungi. The following introduction about the fungal genus ''Mycosphaerella'' is copied (with permission) from the dissertation of W. Quaedvlieg (named: Re-evaluating ''Mycosphaerella'' and allied genera). Species belonging to the fungal genus ''Mycosphaerella'' (1884) (''Capnodiales'', ''Dothideomycetes'') have evolved as endophytes, saprotrophs and symbionts, but mostly ''Mycosphaerella'' species are foliicolous plant pathogens which are the cause of significant economical losses in both temperate and tropical crops worldwide. The generic concept of Mycosphaerella is based on the type species of the genus, ''M. punctiformis'', which was introduced \130 years ago in order to describe small loculoascomycetes with few distinct morphological traits. Species belonging to ''Mycosphaerella'' were characterised as having pseudothecial ascomata that can be immersed or sup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungal Plant Pathogens And Diseases
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
