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Monnet Plan
:''This article deals with the 1946–50 plan of the immediate post-war period. For the Monnet plan of 1950, see European Coal and Steel Community. Faced with the challenge of reconstruction after World War II, France implemented the Modernization and Re-equipment Plan, which was designed to spur economic recovery. This plan is commonly known as the “Monnet Plan” after Jean Monnet, the chief advocate and first head of the General Planning Commission ( Le Commissariat général du Plan). The Monnet Plan emphasized expansion, modernization, efficiency, and modern management practice. It set investment targets, and allocated investment funds. The plan’s process – focusing, prioritizing, and pointing the way – has been called “indicative planning” to differentiate it from highly directive and rigid Soviet style planning. Background and rationale for a plan France emerged from WWII severely weakened economically. It had been in a period of economic stagnation even w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Coal And Steel Community
The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was a European organization created after World War II to regulate the coal and steel industries. It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The ECSC was an international organization based on the principle of supranationalism, and started a process of integration which ultimately led to the creation of the European Union. The ECSC was first proposed as the Schuman Declaration by French foreign minister Robert Schuman on the 9th of May 1950 (today's Europe Day of the EU), the day after the fifth anniversary of the end of World War II, as a way to prevent further war between France and Germany. He declared he aimed to "make war not only unthinkable but materially impossible" which was to be achieved by regional integration, of which the ECSC was the first step. The Treaty would create a common market for coal and steel among its membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Bank For Reconstruction And Development
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is an international financial institution, established in 1944 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, that is the lending arm of World Bank Group. The IBRD offers loans to middle-income developing countries. The IBRD is the first of five member institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The initial mission of the IBRD in 1944, was to finance the reconstruction of European nations devastated by World War II. The IBRD and its concessional lending arm, the International Development Association (IDA), are collectively known as the World Bank as they share the same leadership and staff. Following the reconstruction of Europe, the Bank's mandate expanded to advancing worldwide economic development and eradicating poverty. The IBRD provides commercial-grade or concessional financing to sovereign states to fund projects that seek to improve transportation and infrastructure, education, domestic polic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1949 In France
Events from the year 1949 in France. Incumbents *President: Vincent Auriol *President of the Council of Ministers: Henri Queuille (until 28 October), Georges Bidault (starting 28 October) Events *19–25 August – 1949 Landes forest fire: a wildfire burns 50.000 ha of forest land and kills 82. *27 October – Air France Flight 009 flying from Paris Orly Airport to New York crashes on São Miguel Island in the Azores and kills all 48 on board, including violinist Ginette Neveu and boxer Marcel Cerdan. * Simone de Beauvoir publishes her book ''The Second Sex'' (''Le Deuxième Sexe''), an extremely influential work for second-wave feminism, in Paris. Sports *30 June – Tour de France begins. *21 July – Tour de France ends, won by Fausto Coppi of Italy Births *11 January – Jean-Paul Enthoven, philosopher and publisher *18 January – Philippe Starck, designer *6 February – Olivier Chevallier, motor cycle racer (died 1980) *10 February – Maxime Le Forestier, sing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1948 In France
Events from the year 1948 in France. Incumbents *President: Vincent Auriol *President of the Council of Ministers: ** until 24 July: Robert Schuman ** 24 July-2 September: André Marie ** 2 September-11 September: Robert Schuman ** starting 11 September: Henri Queuille Events *17 March - Treaty of Brussels, is signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, aimed mainly at defending against possible German rearmament. *5 September - Robert Schuman becomes Prime Minister of France. *7 October - Citroën 2CV economy car introduced at the Paris Motor Show. Sport *30 June - Tour de France begins. *25 July - Tour de France ends, won by Gino Bartali of Italy. Births *17 February - Philippe Khorsand, actor (died 2008) *10 March - Jean-Pierre Adams, international soccer player (died 2021) *11 March - Dominique Sanda, actress *9 April - Bernard-Marie Koltès, playwright and director (died 1989) *30 July - Jean Reno, actor *3 August - Jean-Pierre Raff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1947 In France
Events from the year 1947 in France. Incumbents *President: Léon Blum (until 16 January), Vincent Auriol (starting 16 January) *President of the Council of Ministers: ** until 22 January: Léon Blum ** 22 January – 24 November: Paul Ramadier ** starting 24 November: Robert Schuman Events *16 January – Vincent Auriol is inaugurated as President of France. *10 February – Paris peace treaties are signed between the World War II Allies and Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Finland. *12 February – Christian Dior introduces The "New Look" in women's fashion, in Paris. *28 February – United States gives France a military base in Casablanca. *29 March – Malagasy Uprising: Nationalist "tribesmen" began a revolt in the eastern part of Madagascar against French rule. *6 May – Malagasy Uprising: In Moramanga, the French military machine-gun ''Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache'' (MDRM) officials detained in wagons, killing 124 to 160 mostly unarmed acti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1946 In France
Events from the year 1946 in France. Incumbents * Chairman of the Provisional Government (also Prime Minister): ** until 26 January: Charles de Gaulle ** 26 January-24 June: Félix Gouin ** 24 June-28 November: Georges Bidault ** 28 November-16 December: Vincent Auriol (interim) ** starting 16 December: Leon Blum Events *16 January – Charles de Gaulle resigns as a head of a French provisional government. *20 January – Charles de Gaulle resigns as President of France. *6 March – Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. *19 March – French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion become overseas départements of France. *7 April – Syria's independence from France is officially recognised. *5 May – Constitutional Referendum held and proposed constitution rejected. *2 June – Legislative Election held. *5 July – The bikini, designed by Louis Réard, is firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1950s In France
Year 195 ( CXCV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scrapula and Clemens (or, less frequently, year 948 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 195 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus has the Roman Senate deify the previous emperor Commodus, in an attempt to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius. * King Vologases V and other eastern princes support the claims of Pescennius Niger. The Roman province of Mesopotamia rises in revolt with Parthian support. Severus marches to Mesopotamia to battle the Parthians. * The Roman province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annexed the Syrian cities of Edessa and Nisibis. Severus re-establish his head ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1940s In France
Year 194 ( CXCIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Septimius and Septimius (or, less frequently, year 947 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 194 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus and Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar become Roman Consuls. * Battle of Issus: Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia, and defeats Pescennius Niger, Roman governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch, and is executed by Severus' troops. * Septimius Severus besieges Byzantium (194–196); the city walls suffer extensive damage. Asia * Battle of Yan Province: Warlords Cao Cao and Lü Bu fight for control over Yan Province; the battle lasts for over 100 days ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economic Planning
Economic planning is a resource allocation mechanism based on a computational procedure for solving a constrained maximization problem with an iterative process for obtaining its solution. Planning is a mechanism for the allocation of resources between and within organizations contrasted with the market mechanism. As an allocation mechanism for socialism, economic planning replaces factor markets with a procedure for direct allocations of resources within an interconnected group of socially owned organizations which together comprise the productive apparatus of the economy. There are various forms of economic planning that vary based on their specific procedures and approach. The level of centralization or decentralization in decision-making depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed. In addition, one can distinguish between centralized planning and decentralized planning. An economy primarily based on planning is referred to as a planned economy. In a centrall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aftermath Of World War II In France
Aftermath may refer to: Companies * Aftermath (comics), an imprint of Devil's Due Publishing * Aftermath Entertainment, an American record label founded by Dr. Dre * Aftermath Media, an American multimedia company * Aftermath Services, an American crime-scene cleanup company Film and television Films * ''Aftermath'' (1914 film), an American lost silent film * ''Aftermath'' (1927 film), a German silent film * ''Aftermath'' (1990 film) or ''Crash: The Mystery of Flight 1501'', an American television film * ''Aftermath'' (1994 film), a Spanish short horror film by Nacho Cerdà * ''Aftermath'' (2001 film), a television movie starring Meredith Baxter * ''Aftermath'' (2002 film), a film starring Sean Young * ''Aftermath'' (2004 film), a Danish film * ''Aftermath'' (2012 film), a Polish thriller and drama * ''Aftermath'' (2013 film), a film starring Anthony Michael Hall * ''Aftermath'' (2014 film), an apocalyptic thriller by Peter Engert * ''Aftermath'' (2017 film), a film st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schuman Declaration
The Schuman Declaration, or Schuman Plan, was a proposal to place French and West German production of coal and steel under a single authority that later became the European Coal and Steel Community, made by the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, on the 9th of May 1950 (now celebrated in the EU as Europe Day), the day after the fifth anniversary of the end of World War II. The alliance would later be opened to other European countries. The ultimate goal was to pacify relations, especially between France and West Germany, through gradual political integration to be achieved by creating common interests. Schuman said that " e coming together of the countries of Europe requires the elimination of the age-old opposition of France and Germany ... the solidarity in production thus established will make it plain that any war between France and Germany becomes not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible." Konrad Adenauer, the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe. The United States transferred over $13 billion (equivalent of about $ in ) in economic recovery programs to Western European economies after the end of World War II. Replacing an earlier proposal for a Morgenthau Plan, it operated for four years beginning on April 3, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-torn regions, remove trade barriers, modernize Manufacturing, industry, improve European prosperity and prevent the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan proposed the reduction of interstate barriers and the economic integration of the European Continent while also encouraging an increase in productivity as well as the adoption of modern business procedures. The Marshall Plan aid was divided among the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
