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Molla Ahmad Naraqi
Molla Ahmad Naraqi (1185-1245 A.H./1771-1829 C.E.) also known as known as “Fauzel Narauqee”, was a Shi'i cleric ("mullah"), who has been called "the first Shi‘i jurisprudent to argue for '' wilayat al-faqıh al-siyasıyah'', or "the divine mandate of the jurisprudent to rule" during the occultation of the Imam. The concept of ''wilayat al-faqıh'' or ''Velayat-e Faqıh'' (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) came to the attention of the world when Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the Islamic Iranian Revolution in 1978-9 and established the Islamic Republic of Iran using ''wilayat al-faqıh'' as its governing principal. Naraqi's work called for the system in his technical fiqh work entitled ''Awa’id al-ayyam'' predating the call by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini for this system in his lectures and book Islamic Government by more than a century. Unlike Khomeini, Molla Naraqi never tried to establish or called for the establishment of a state based on ''wilayat al-faqıh al-siy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shi'i
Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his successor (''khalīfa'') and the Imam (spiritual and political leader) after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm, but was prevented from succeeding Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims as a result of the choice made by some of Muhammad's other companions (''ṣaḥāba'') at Saqifah. This view primarily contrasts with that of Sunnī Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor before his death and consider Abū Bakr, who was appointed caliph by a group of senior Muslims at Saqifah, to be the first rightful (''rāshidūn'') caliph after Muhammad. Adherents of Shīʿa Islam are called Shīʿa Muslims, Shīʿītes, or simply Shīʿa or Shia. Shīʿa Islam is based on a ''ḥadīth'' report concerning Muhammad's pronouncement at Ghadir Khumm.Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Kno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ijtihad
''Ijtihad'' ( ; ar, اجتهاد ', ; lit. physical or mental ''effort'') is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. It is contrasted with ''taqlid'' (imitation, conformity to legal precedent). According to classical Sunni theory, ''ijtihad'' requires expertise in the Arabic language, theology, revealed texts, and principles of jurisprudence (''usul al-fiqh''), and is not employed where authentic and authoritative texts (Qur'an and Hadith) are considered unambiguous with regard to the question, or where there is an existing scholarly consensus (''ijma''). ''Ijtihad'' is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to perform it. An Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform ''ijtihad'' is called as a "'' mujtahid''". Throughout the first five Islamic centuries, the practice of ''ijtihad'' continued both theoretically and practica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1829 Deaths
Eighteen or 18 may refer to: * 18 (number), the natural number following 17 and preceding 19 * one of the years 18 BC, AD 18, 1918, 2018 Film, television and entertainment * ''18'' (film), a 1993 Taiwanese experimental film based on the short story ''God's Dice'' * ''Eighteen'' (film), a 2005 Canadian dramatic feature film * 18 (British Board of Film Classification), a film rating in the United Kingdom, also used in Ireland by the Irish Film Classification Office * 18 (''Dragon Ball''), a character in the ''Dragon Ball'' franchise * "Eighteen", a 2006 episode of the animated television series ''12 oz. Mouse'' Music Albums * ''18'' (Moby album), 2002 * ''18'' (Nana Kitade album), 2005 * '' 18...'', 2009 debut album by G.E.M. Songs * "18" (5 Seconds of Summer song), from their 2014 eponymous debut album * "18" (One Direction song), from their 2014 studio album ''Four'' * "18", by Anarbor from their 2013 studio album '' Burnout'' * "I'm Eighteen", by Alice Cooper common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1771 Births
Events January– March * January 5 – The Great Kalmyk (Torghut) Migration is led by Ubashi Khan, from the east bank of the Lower Volga River back to the homeland of Dzungaria, at this time under Qing Dynasty rule. * January 9 – Emperor Go-Momozono accedes to the throne of Japan, following his aunt's abdication. * February 12 – Upon the death of Adolf Frederick, he is succeeded as King of Sweden by his son Gustav III. At the time, however, Gustav is unaware of this, since he is abroad in Paris. The news of his father's death reaches him about a month later. * March – War of the Regulation: North Carolina Governor William Tryon raises a militia, to put down the long-running uprising of backcountry militias against North Carolina's colonial government. * March 12 – The North Carolina General Assembly establishes Wake County (named for Margaret Wake, the wife of North Carolina Royal Governor William Tryon) from portions of Cumberland, J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kashan
Kashan ( fa, ; Qashan; Cassan; also romanized as Kāshān) is a city in the northern part of Isfahan province, Iran. At the 2017 census, its population was 396,987 in 90,828 families. Some etymologists argue that the city name comes from the Kasian, the original inhabitants of the city, whose remains are found at Tapeh Sialk dating back 9,000 years; later this was changed to "Kashian", hence the town name. Between the 12th and the 14th centuries Kashan was an important centre for the production of high quality pottery and tiles. In modern Persian, the word for a tile (''kashi'') comes from the name of the town. Kashan is divided into two parts, mountainous and desert. In the west side, Kashan is cited in the neighbourhood of two of highest peaks of Karkas chain, Mount Gargash to the southwest of Kashan (the home of Iran national observatory, the largest astronomical telescope of Iran) and Mount Ardehaal in the west of Kashan, also known as "Damavand of Kashan" and the hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Shahristani Family
The family of al-Shahristani (Arabic: آل الشهرستاني, romanized: ''ʾĀl al-Shahristānī''), also transliterated in a number of other ways, including al-Shehristani or al-Shahrestani, are an Iraqi-Iranian clerical Shia family that settled in Karbala from the village of Shahristan, near Isfahan, in the late 18th century. The family rose to prominence in Iraq in the late 19th century. Members of the family are notable for being Ayatollahs in Karbala. However, in more recent times, the family has become more academic, and political, with its most notable politician being Iraqi statesman, Hussain al-Shahristani. The family claim agnatic descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatimah, carrying the honorific title of Sayyid, through the seventh Shia Imam, Imam Musa al-Kadhim, making them a Musawi family. They are not to be mistaken with the Husaynid Karbalaei family of al-Shahristani, who married into the Musawi family, intertwining the two families. History and lineage Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moḥammad Mahdī Baḥr Al-ʿUlūm
Al-Sayyid Moḥammad Mehdī Baḥr al-ʿUlūm or Bahrululoom (Arabic: السید محمد مهدی بحرالعلوم) (b.1155 Hijri year, AH (1742 CE)—d.1212 AH (1797 CE)) was a mystic and a Shiite religious authority in the 12th and 13th centuries AH. Birth and lineage ‘Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi Ibne Mortaza Ibne Mohammad Brujerdi Tabatabaie al- Baḥr al-ʿUlūm’ was a famous scholar in the 12th century (A.H.). He was fully proficient in jurisprudence, principle of jurisprudence, Hadith, theology, exegesis of the Quran and the science of transmitters. He was born in Karbala on Eid al-Fitr (at the end of Ramadan) in 1155 (A.H.). his household was related to the Majlesi household such that Baḥr al-ʿUlūm mention first Majlesi as grandfather and second Majlesi as uncle. Education He started his education in his birthplace where his father and Sheykh Yusef Bahrani (the writer of the book of Hadaiq) taught him, then he went to Najaf to complete his education. He went to Mash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawza
A hawza ( ar, حوزة) or ḥawzah ʿilmīyah ( ar, حوزة علمیة) is a seminary where Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated. The word ''ḥawzah'' is found in Arabic as well as the Persian language. In Arabic, the word means "to hold something firmly". Accordingly, ''ḥawzah ʿilmīyah'' would mean a place where the firm knowledge (of the Muslim religion) is acquired. In the Persian language, ''ḥawzah'' refers to the middle part of a place or an area. ''Ḥawzah ʿilmīyah'' in Persian, therefore, means "the place of knowledge". Another meaning of the word is "circle of knowledge". Several senior Grand Ayatollahs constitute the hawza. The institutions in Najaf, Iraq and Qom, Iran, are the preeminent seminary centers for the education of Shi'a scholars. However, several smaller hawzas exist in other cities around the world, such as at Karbala, Iraq, Isfahan and Mashhad in Iran, Beirut, Lebanon, Lucknow, India, Lahore, Pakistan, Europe and North America. Law school ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karim Khan Zand
Mohammad Karim Khan Zand ( fa, محمدکریم خان زند, Mohammad Karīm Khân-e Zand; ) was the founder of the Zand Dynasty, ruling from 1751 to 1779. He ruled all of Iran (Persia) except for Khorasan. He also ruled over some of the Caucasian lands and occupied Basra for some years. While Karim was ruler, Iran recovered from the devastation of 40 years of war, providing the war-ravaged country with a renewed sense of tranquillity, security, peace, and prosperity. The years from 1765 to Karim Khan's death in 1779, marked the zenith of Zand rule. During his reign, relations with Britain were restored, and he allowed the East India Company to have a trading post in southern Iran. He made Shiraz his capital and ordered the construction of several architectural projects there. As noted by ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', "Karim Khan Zand holds an enduring reputation as the most humane Iranian ruler of the Islamic era". When following the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the nam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guardianship Of The Islamic Jurist
The Guardianship or Governance/''Wilāyat'' of/by an Islamic Jurist/''Faqīh'' ( fa, , Velâyat-e Faqih; ar, وِلاَيَةُ ٱلْفَقِيهِ, Wilāyat al-Faqīh), is a concept in Twelver Shia Islamic law which holds that until the reappearance of the "infallible Imam" (sometime before Judgement Day), at least some of the "religious and social affairs" of the Muslim world should be administered by righteous Shi'i jurists. Shia disagree over whose "religious and social affairs" are to be administered and what those affairs are. Wilāyat al-Faqīh is associated in particular with Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the Islamic Republic of Iran. In a series of lectures in 1970, Khomeini advanced the idea of guardianship in its "absolute" form as rule of the state and society. This version of guardianship now forms the basis of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which calls for a ''Vali-ye faqih'' (Guardian Jurist), to serve as the Supreme Leader of that c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jumada Al-Thani
Jumada al-Thani ( ar, جُمَادَىٰ ٱلثَّانِي, Jumādā ath-Thānī, lit=The second Jumada) also known as Jumada al-Akhirah ( ar, جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْآخِرَة, link=no, Jumādā al-ʾĀkhirah, lit=The final Jumada), Jumada al-Akhir ( ar, جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْآخِر, link=no, Jumādā al-ʾĀkhir), or Jumada II is the sixth month in the Islamic Calendar. The word ''Jumda'' ( ar, جمد), from which the name of the month is derived, is used to denote dry parched land, a land devoid of rain. ''Jumādā'' ( ar, جُمَادَىٰ) may also be related to a verb meaning "to freeze" and another account relates that water would freeze during this time of year. In Turkish, used in the Ottoman Empire times and context, it was ''Jèmāzìyyu-'l-ākhir'', or ''G̃emazi-yèl-Aher''. Its Turkish abbreviation was ''jìm, and its Latin abbreviation was ''Djem. II''.. Young states "Djem. II 1281" is equivalent to "November 1864", which means he is referring to Cümad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Government
''Islamic Government'' ( fa, حکومت اسلامی, ''Hokumat-i Eslami''), also known as ''The Jurist's Guardianship: Islamic Government'', ( fa, حکومت اسلامی ولایت فقیه, ''Velayat-e faqih: Hokumat-i Eslami '') Abrahamian, ''Khomeinism'', 1993: p.11 is a book by the Iranian Shi'i Muslim cleric/jurist, and revolutionary, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. First published in 1970, it is perhaps the most influential document written in modern times in support of theocratic rule. The book argues that government should/must be run in accordance with traditional Islamic law ('' sharia''), and for this to happen a leading Islamic jurist ('' faqih'') must provide political " guardianship" (''wilayat'' in Arabic, ''velayat'' in Persian) over the people and nation. Following the Iranian Revolution, a modified form of this doctrine was incorporated into the 1979 Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran; drafted by an assembly made up primarily by disciples of Khomeini, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
