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Mohammed Hadid
Mohammed Hadid (January 1, 1907 – August 3, 1999) was an Iraqi economist, democracy advocate, Minister of Finance of Iraq between 1958 and 1963 and the father of internationally recognized architect Dame Zaha Hadid. Early years and family Mohammed Hadid was born into a rich Mosulite family at the beginning of the 20th century. He married Wajeeha Sabonji, with whom he had three children; Haithem, the writer and accountant, Foulath, and the noted architect Zaha Hadid. Years of study Hadid attended the London School of Economics between 1928 and 1931, and achieved a degree in Economics. It was there that he is said to have been influenced by the ideas of Professor Harold Laski, a "widely known socialist and agnostic". He was also influenced by the works of Sidney Webb, Hugh Dalton, John Maynard Keynes and other economists and socialists whose Fabian ideas held the promise for a new social order to be constructed in the aftermath of the Ottoman Empire. Politics In 1931, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohamed Hadid
Mohamed Anwar Hadid ( ar, محمد حديد; born ) Note: Source gives birthplace as "Nazareth, Palestine". is a Jordanian-American real estate developer. He is known for building luxury hotels and mansions, mainly in the Bel Air neighbourhood of Los Angeles and the city of Beverly Hills, California. Early life Hadid was born into a Palestinian Muslim family on 6 November 1948 in Nazareth. He is the son of Anwar Mohamed Hadid (1918 –1989) and his wife Khairiah Hadid (née Daher; 1925–2008), and has two brothers and five sisters. Through his mother, Hadid claims descent from Dahir al-Umar, an 18th-century Arab ruler of northern Palestine. Due to the 1947–1949 Palestine War, Hadid and his family fled Palestine as part of the 1948 Palestinian exodus. In 2015, Hadid stated: "We became refugees to Syria and we lost our home in Safad to a Jewish family that we sheltered... Strange thing. That I and my family would do it again." His father studied at a teachers' co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sidney Webb
Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield, (13 July 1859 – 13 October 1947) was a British socialist, economist and reformer, who co-founded the London School of Economics. He was an early member of the Fabian Society in 1884, joining, like George Bernard Shaw, three months after its inception. Along with his wife Beatrice Webb and with Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Edward R. Pease, Hubert Bland and Sydney Olivier, Shaw and Webb turned the Fabian Society into the pre-eminent politico-intellectual society in Edwardian England. He wrote the original, pro-nationalisation Clause IV for the British Labour Party. Background and education Webb was born in London to a professional family. He studied law at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution for a degree of the University of London in his spare time, while holding an office job. He also studied at King's College London, before being called to the Bar in 1885. Professional life In 1895, Webb helped to found the London Sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suez Crisis
The Suez Crisis, or the Second Arab–Israeli war, also called the Tripartite Aggression ( ar, العدوان الثلاثي, Al-ʿUdwān aṯ-Ṯulāṯiyy) in the Arab world and the Sinai War in Israel,Also known as the Suez War or 1956 War; other names include the ''Sinai war'', ''Suez–Sinai war'', ''1956 Arab–Israeli war'', the Second Arab–Israeli war, ''Suez Campaign'', ''Sinai Campaign'', ''Kadesh Operation'' and ''Operation Musketeer'' was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just swiftly nationalised the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, which administered the canal. Israel's primary objective was to re-open the blocked Straits of Tiran. After the fighting had started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baghdad Pact
The Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), also known as the Baghdad Pact and subsequently known as the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), was a military alliance of the Cold War. It was formed in 24 February 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The alliance was dissolved in 16 March 1979. US pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, but the United States could not initially participate. John Foster Dulles, who was involved in the negotiations as United States Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, claimed that was due to "the pro-Israel lobby and the difficulty of obtaining Congressional Approval." Others said that the reason was "for purely technical reasons of budgeting procedures." In 1958, the US joined the military committee of the alliance. It is generally viewed as one of the least successful of the Cold War alliances. The organisation’s headquarters was in Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Democratic Party (Iraq, 1946)
The National Democratic Party ( ar, الحزب الوطني الديمقراطي, ''Hizb al Wataniyah al Dimuqratiyah'') was an Iraqi political party. The party was founded in 1946 as a left-leaning opposition movement that modeled itself after the British Labour Party and grouped the non-Communist left-wing members of the former Ahali group, of which five out of its eight cofounders had been members. It advocated workers' rights, land reform and social democracy.Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba`thists and Free Officers', 1978 At the 1948 Iraqi parliamentary election, the NDP got 2 seats out of 138. The party was closely linked with the government of Abd al-Karim Qasim, in which, out of fourteen ministers, three (Finances, Agriculture, Guiding) were NDP members, one (Foreign Affairs) was 'close to NDP', and two (Development, Communications) were former N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bakr Sidqi
Bakr Sidqi al-Askari (; 1890 – 11 August 1937) was an Iraqi general of Kurdish origin, born in 1890 in Kirkuk and assassinated on 11 August 1937, at Mosul. Early life Bakr Sidqi was born to Kurdish family either in ‘Askar,Edmund Ghareeb, Beth Dougherty, ''Historical Dictionary of Iraq'', Scarecrow Press, 2004, p. 224./ref> a Kurdish village, or in Kirkuk. Military career Having studied at the Military College in Istanbul and graduated as a second lieutenant, he fought in the Balkan Wars and joined the Staff College in Istanbul, graduating in 1915. During the First World War, with the outbreak of the Arab Revolt, Sidqi joined Faisal's army in Syria and served in Aleppo with a number of other Sharifian officers. From 1919 to 1920, he served as an intelligence agent of the British military forces and was later recommended by the British General Staff in 1921 to an officer rank in the Iraqi army after the collapse of Faisal's Arab Kingdom of Syria. His plan was to one day be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coup D'état
A coup d'état (; French for 'stroke of state'), also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, military, or a dictator. Many scholars consider a coup successful when the usurpers seize and hold power for at least seven days. Etymology The term comes from French ''coup d'État'', literally meaning a 'stroke of state' or 'blow of state'. In French, the word ''État'' () is capitalized when it denotes a sovereign political entity. Although the concept of a coup d'état has featured in politics since antiquity, the phrase is of relatively recent coinage.Julius Caesar's civil war, 5 January 49 BC. It did not appear within an English text before the 19th century except when used in the translation of a French source, there being no simple phrase in English to convey the contextualized idea of a 'knockout blow to the existing administratio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hikmat Sulayman
Hikmat Sulayman (1889 – 16 June 1964) ( ar, حكمت سليمان) was prime minister of Iraq from October 30, 1936 to August 12, 1937 at the head of a Party of National Brotherhood government. Sulayman, of Iraqi Arab, Circassianİsmail Hâmi Danişmend, ''Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı'', Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971, p. 101. and Georgian descent, was a key figure in the early days of Iraqi independence and the effort to create a multi-ethnic state. He came to power in Bakr Sidqi's coup, the first that the country experienced. His position was confirmed by King Ghazi. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies in 1926. Together with Sidqi, Sulayman veered away from the pan-Arab nationalism of the preceding Iraqi governments. Together with Sidqi, he forged an alliance with Turkey and settled the border dispute with Iran, two countries he regarded as potential allies in the struggle against Arab nationalist sentiment. Nevertheless, he differed with Sidqi over the emphas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labour Party (UK)
The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom that has been described as an alliance of social democrats, democratic socialists and trade unionists. The Labour Party sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum. In all general elections since 1922, Labour has been either the governing party or the Official Opposition. There have been six Labour prime ministers and thirteen Labour ministries. The party holds the annual Labour Party Conference, at which party policy is formulated. The party was founded in 1900, having grown out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the 19th century. It overtook the Liberal Party to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s, forming two minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in the 1920s and early 1930s. Labour served in the wartime coalition of 1940–1945, after which Clement Attlee's Labour government established the National Health Service and expanded the welfa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahali Group
The al-Ahali Group ( ar, مجموعة الاهالي ) was a political association formed in 1930 by a collection of non-sectarian, middle class Iraqi youth frustrated with the Iraqi monarchy. Although it was not an official party, it was a successor to the Watani (National) party and home to several important Iraqi Cabinet and Parliament members, including Ja’far Abu al-Timman, Hikmat Sulayman, Kamil Chadirji, and Mohammed Hadid. Perhaps more importantly, its history illustrated the often complex task of navigating reform in the ideological and socio-political climate that predominated under the monarchy. It transformed from a radical left youth organization, to a more moderate reformist group under the aforementioned senior politicians, to an unfortunate accomplice in the Bakr Sidqi coup, and finally dissolved in protest over said coup's brutality and disregard for reform. Formation and Ideas The Ahali group was formed in the 1930s during a period of expanded education an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iraqi Ministry Of Finance
The Ministry of Finance is the Iraq government agency responsible for public finance of Iraq, Central Bank of Iraq, and banking regulations. The current Minister of Finance is Ali Allawi. Ministers of Finance in the Kingdom of Iraq *Sassoon Eskell, 1920-1921 *Sassoon Eskell, 1921-1923 *Abdel Mohsen Shalash, 1923-1924 *Sassoon Eskell, 1924-1925 *Abdul-Muhsin Al-Saadoun, 1925-1926 *Yasin al-Hashimi, 1926-1928 * Yousef Ghanima, 1928-1929 *Yasin al-Hashimi, 1929-1930 *Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi, 1930 * Rustum Haidar, 1930-1932 *Nasrat al-Farisi, 1932-1933 *Yasin al-Hashimi, ?-1933 *Nasrat al-Farisi, 1933-1934 * Naji al-Suwaydi, 1934 * Yousef Ghanima, 1934-1935 *Raouf Al Bahrani, 1935-1936 *Ja'far Abu al-Timman, 1936-1937 *Mohammed Ali Mahmoud, 1937 *Ibrahim Kemal, 1937-1938 * Rustum Haidar, 1938-1940 *Raouf Al Bahrani, 1940 * Naji al-Suwaydi, 1940-1941 *Ali Mumtaz al-Daftary, 1941 * Naji al-Suwaydi, 1941 *Ibrahim Kemal, 1941 *Ali Mumtaz al-Daftary, 1941-1942 *Salih Jabr, 1942-1943 *Jalal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338) also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror. Under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire marked the peak of its power and prosperity, as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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