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Mittelsteine
The Mittelsteine concentration camp was a Nazi '' Arbeitslager'' or slave-labour camp functional on the territory of Nazi Germany during the latter part of the Second World War.It was originally established in 1942, but was operated formally for 250 days (8 months and a week) between 23 August 1944 and 30 April 1945 (the latter being the date of its liquidation) as an all-female subcamp of Gross-Rosen. Overview Inmates and staff The detainees at the camp included primarily women of Jewish background deported from Hungary and Poland. The number of inmates averaged at 300, or 400, while towards the end of the War the total swelled to nearly 1,000. The function of camp commandant or '' Lagerkommandant'' (a position sometimes denominated ''Zwischengeschalteter SS-Offizier'' or "SS liaison officer") was performed by SS-Hauptsturmführer Paul Radschun. The '' Oberaufseherin'' or "senior overseer" (the highest female officia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ścinawka Średnia
Ścinawka Średnia (german: Mittelsteine) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radków, within Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately east of Radków, north-west of Kłodzko, and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. The village has a population of 2,400. The history of the village dates back to the 13th century. In the Middle Ages at various times it was part of Poland or Kingdom of Bohemia. It was annexed by Prussia in the 18th century and from 1871 to 1945 it was also part of Germany. During World War II the Germans established and operated the Mittelsteine concentration camp, a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, whose prisoners were Jewish women deported from Poland and Hungary. The village was called ''Mittelsteine'' until 1945 when it was renamed "Skałeczno Średnie" after the region became part of Poland. The name was changed to "Ścinawka Średnia" in 1947. The loc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sara Zyskind
Sara Zyskind, ''also'' Sara Plager-Zyskind ( he, שרה פלגר-זיסקינד) (b. 26 March 1927 in Łódź; d. 1 January 1995 in Tel-Aviv), was a prominent PolishIsraeli writer on the Holocaust. She was a survivor of the Łódź Ghetto, and of the Auschwitz, the Mittelsteine concentration camp, and the Grafenort Nazi concentration camps. Her style as a writer on the Holocaust has been praised for its effective literary technique that allows the reader to identify with the reality of the period. Her writings constitute valuable primary sources in Holocaust historiography. Life Sara Zyskind was born in Łódź to the family of Anschel (Anszel) Kalman Plager (18971943), a native of Drohobycz, and his wife Mindla, ''née'' Biederman (19001940), who came from a well-known family of Łódź industrialists. (At least on some occasions, Zyskind will spell her maiden name "Sala Plagier": see External links below.) Zyskind's childhood in Łódź was a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Cage (Sender Book)
''The Cage'', written by Ruth Minsky Sender in 1986, is a non-fiction book about the hardship and cruelty of being a Jew during the Holocaust. The book begins in 1986 (when it was written). Riva, who later changed her name to Ruth, is speaking with her daughter, Nancy, and she looks back to Lodz, Poland in 1941. Synopsis Thirteen-year-old Riva Minska, her mother, three brothers and landlord are living in the same house. Soon the Germans invade Poland. At this time, Riva and her family are betrayed by their landlady and robbed of their valuables and possessions. Soon, the gates of the Lodz Ghetto were shut and no one came in; they only went out. Throughout the book, Riva refers to all the places she has been confined as "the cage". A couple of years later, chaos has spread rapidly through the ghetto. Riva's brother, Laibele, contracts tuberculosis. Her mother is taken away in a Nazi raid because she looked sick. A little while after her mother's deportation, a social worker ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruth Minsky Sender
Ruth Minsky Senderowicz (born 3 May 1926) is a Holocaust survivor. She has written three memoirs about her experience: '' The Cage'', ''To Life'' and ''Holocaust Lady''. Early life ''Rifkele Riva Minska'' was born in Łódź, Poland to Avromele and Nacha Minska. Riva was born on May 3, 1926. She was the fourth of seven children: Chanele, Yankele, and Mala preceded her; brothers Motele, Moishele, and Laibele followed her. Riva's father, Avromele Minska died shortly after Moishele's birth. World War II Before the invasion of Poland, Riva's older siblings fled to Russia to escape forced labor. Riva, her mom and younger siblings are forced to live in the Lodz Ghetto, where younger brother Laibele contracted tuberculosis. On September 10, 1942, their mother was taken out of the ghetto during a Nazi raid, leaving Riva to care for her younger brothers. She adopted them to keep the family together, which lasted until Laibele died and Riva, Motele, and Moishele were rounded up with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Concentration Camp
From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps, (officially) or (more commonly). The Nazi concentration camps are distinguished from other types of Nazi camps such as forced-labor camps, as well as concentration camps operated by Germany's allies. on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe. The first camps were established in March 1933 immediately after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Following the Night of Long Knives, 1934 purge of the Sturmabteilung, SA, the concentration camps were run exclusively by the SS via the Concentration Camps Inspectorate and later the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. Initially, most prisoners were members of the Communist Party of Germany, but as time went on different groups were arrested, including "habitual criminals", "asocials", and Jews. After the beginning of World War II, people from German-occupied Europe were imprisoned in the concentration camps. Following A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sara Selver-Urbach
Sara may refer to: Arts, media and entertainment Film and television * ''Sara'' (1992 film), 1992 Iranian film by Dariush Merhjui * ''Sara'' (1997 film), 1997 Polish film starring Bogusław Linda * ''Sara'' (2010 film), 2010 Sri Lankan Sinhala thriller directed by Nishantha Pradeep * ''Sara'' (2015 film), 2015 Hong Kong psychological thriller * ''Sara'' (1976 TV series), 1976 American western series * ''Sara'' (1985 TV series), 1985 American situation comedy * ''Sara'' (Belgian TV series), 2007–08 Flemish telenovella on Belgian television * "Sara" (''Arrow'' episode), an episode of Arrow Music * Sara (band), a Finnish band * "Sara" (Bob Dylan song), a song by Bob Dylan for the 1976 album ''Desire'' * "Sara" (Fleetwood Mac song), a song by Fleetwood Mac from the 1979 LP ''Tusk'' * "Sara" (Starship song), a song by Starship from the 1985 album ''Knee Deep in the Hoopla'' *"Sara", a song by Bill Champlin from the 1981 LP ''Runaway'' * "Sarah" (other)#Music, so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world's most populous megacities. Los Angeles is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Southern California. With a population of roughly 3.9 million residents within the city limits , Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic and cultural diversity, being the home of the Hollywood film industry, and its sprawling metropolitan area. The city of Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the west and extending through the Santa Monica Mountains and north into the San Fernando Valley, with the city bordering the San Gabriel Valley to it's east. It covers about , and is the county seat of Los Angeles County, which is the most populous county in the United States with an estim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bibliography
Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliography'' as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography). Etymology The word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for "the intellectual activity of composing books." The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Ministry Of Justice
The Federal Ministry of Justice (german: Bundesministerium der Justiz, ), abbreviated BMJ, is a German Cabinet, cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Under the German federal system, individual States of Germany, States are most responsible for the administration of justice and the application of penalties. The Federal Ministry of Justice devotes itself to creating and changing law in the classic core areas related to Constitutional law. The Ministry also analyzes the legality and constitutionality of laws prepared by other ministries. The German Federal Court of Justice of Germany, Federal Court of Justice, the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (GPTO), and the German Patent Court all fall under its scope. The ministry is officially located in Berlin. The BMJ was founded on January 1, 1877, as the Imperial Justice Office (''Reichsjustizamt''). After Germany became a republic in 1919, it was renamed ''Reichsministerium der Justiz'' (Imperial ministry of Justi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jelenia Góra
Jelenia Góra (pron. ; Polish: ; german: Hirschberg im Riesengebirge; Exonym: ''Deer Mountain''; szl, Jelyniŏ Gōra) is a historic city in southwestern Poland, within the historical region of Lower Silesia. Jelenia Góra is situated in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, close to the Karkonosze mountain range running along the Polish-Czech border – ski resorts such as Karpacz and Szklarska Poręba are situated from the city. Jelenia Góra constitutes a separate urban gmina as well as being the seat of surrounding Karkonosze County (formerly Jelenia Góra County). In 2021 the population of Jelenia Góra was 77,366. The area, including the oldest spa district of Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój, is one of the most valued recreational and leisure spots in Poland. The city's history dates back to as early as the 10th century, but the settlement was granted town rights under Polish rule in 1288. Jelenia Góra was founded on important trade routes linking the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gross-Rosen
Gross-Rosen was a network of Nazi concentration camps built and operated by Nazi Germany during World War II. The main camp was located in the German village of Gross-Rosen, now the modern-day Rogoźnica, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Rogoźnica in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland; directly on the rail-line between the towns of Jawor (Jauer) and Strzegom (Striegau).The Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica. Homepage.Alfred Konieczny :pl:Alfred Konieczny, (pl), ''Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust''. NY: Macmillan 1990, vol. 2, pp. 623–626. Its prisoners were mostly Jews, Poles and Soviet Union, Soviet citizens. At its peak activity in 1944, the Gross-Rosen complex had up to 100 subcamps located in eastern Germany and in German-occupied Czechoslovakia and Poland. The populati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subcamp (SS)
Subcamps (german: KZ-Außenlager), also translated as satellite camps, were outlying detention centres (''Haftstätten'') that came under the command of a main concentration camp run by the SS in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. The Nazis distinguished between the List of Nazi concentration camps, main camps (or ''Stammlager'') and the subcamps (''Außenlager'' or ''Außenkommandos'') subordinated to them. Survival conditions in the subcamps were, in many cases, poorer for the prisoners than those in the main camps. Emergence of the concept Within a concentration camp prisoners had to carry out various tasks. They were not supposed to be idle whilst interned. The work could even be pointless and vexatious, without any useful output. Based on military language the SS designated such prisoner task forces as "details" or ''Kommandos''; the generic term being the "works details" (''Arbeitskommandos'') of a camp. For example, in Dachau concentration camp there was a "Cremato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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