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Mitoviridae
''Mitovirus'' is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses, in the family ''Mitoviridae''. Fungi serve as natural hosts. There are five species in the genus. Structure Mitoviruses have no true virion. They do not have structural proteins or a capsid. Genome Mitoviruses have nonsegmented, linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes. The genome has one open reading frame which encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The genome is associated with the RdRp in the cytoplasm of the fungi host and forms a naked ribonucleoprotein Nucleoproteins are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA). Typical nucleoproteins include ribosomes, nucleosomes and viral nucleocapsid proteins. Structures Nucleoproteins tend to be positively charged, facilitating int ... complex. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive-strand RNA virus transcription is the method of transcriptio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positive-strand RNA Virus
Positive-strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome. Positive-strand RNA viruses are divided between the phyla ''Kitrinoviricota'', ''Lenarviricota'', and ''Pisuviricota'' (specifically classes ''Pisoniviricetes'' and '' Stelpavirictes'') all of which are in the kingdom '' Orthornavirae'' and realm '' Riboviria''. They are monophyletic and descended from a common RNA virus ancestor. In the Baltimore classification system, +ssRNA viruses belong to Group IV. Positive-sense RNA viruses include pathogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The proteins making up the capsid are called capsid proteins or viral coat proteins (VCP). The capsid and inner genome is called the nucleocapsid. Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. The majority of the viruses have capsids with either helical or icosahedral structure. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures due to constraints of elasticity and electrostatics. The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while the helical shape resembles the shape of a spring, taking the space of a cylinder but not being a cylinder itself. The capsid faces may consist of one or more ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. The main components of the cytoplasm are cytosol (a gel-like substance), the organelles (the cell's internal sub-structures), and various cytoplasmic inclusions. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and is usually colorless. The submicroscopic ground cell substance or cytoplasmic matrix which remains after exclusion of the cell organelles and particles is groundplasm. It is the hyaloplasm of light microscopy, a highly complex, polyphasic system in which all resolvable cytoplasmic elements are suspended, including the larger organelles such as the ribosomes, mitochondria, the plant plastids, lipid droplets, and vacuoles. Most cellular activities take place within the cytoplasm, such as many metabolic pathways including glycolysis, and proces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ophiostoma Mitovirus 3a
''Ophiostoma'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiostomataceae. It was circumscribed in 1919 by mycologists Hans Sydow and Paul Sydow. Species *'' Ophiostoma adjuncti'' *'' Ophiostoma ainoae'' *'' Ophiostoma allantosporum'' *'' Ophiostoma angusticollis'' *'' Ophiostoma araucariae'' *'' Ophiostoma bacillisporum'' *'' Ophiostoma bicolor'' *'' Ophiostoma bragantinum'' *'' Ophiostoma brevicolle'' *'' Ophiostoma brunneociliatum'' *'' Ophiostoma brunneum'' *'' Ophiostoma cantabriense'' *'' Ophiostoma canum'' *'' Ophiostoma carpenteri''Hausner, G., et al. 2003Three new species of ''Ophiostoma'' and notes on ''Cornuvesica falcate''.''Canadian Journal of Botany'' 81(1) 40–48. *'' Ophiostoma clavatum'' *'' Ophiostoma colliferum'' *'' Ophiostoma coronatum'' *'' Ophiostoma cuculatum'' *'' Ophiostoma distortum'' *'' Ophiostoma epigloeum'' *'' Ophiostoma flexuosum'' *'' Ophiostoma grande'' *'' Ophiostoma himal-ulmi'' *'' Ophiostoma longicollum'' *'' Ophiostoma manitobense'' *'' Ophios ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ophiostoma Mitovirus 6
''Ophiostoma'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiostomataceae. It was circumscribed in 1919 by mycologists Hans Sydow and Paul Sydow. Species *'' Ophiostoma adjuncti'' *'' Ophiostoma ainoae'' *'' Ophiostoma allantosporum'' *'' Ophiostoma angusticollis'' *'' Ophiostoma araucariae'' *'' Ophiostoma bacillisporum'' *'' Ophiostoma bicolor'' *'' Ophiostoma bragantinum'' *'' Ophiostoma brevicolle'' *'' Ophiostoma brunneociliatum'' *'' Ophiostoma brunneum'' *'' Ophiostoma cantabriense'' *'' Ophiostoma canum'' *'' Ophiostoma carpenteri''Hausner, G., et al. 2003Three new species of ''Ophiostoma'' and notes on ''Cornuvesica falcate''.''Canadian Journal of Botany'' 81(1) 40–48. *'' Ophiostoma clavatum'' *'' Ophiostoma colliferum'' *'' Ophiostoma coronatum'' *'' Ophiostoma cuculatum'' *'' Ophiostoma distortum'' *'' Ophiostoma epigloeum'' *'' Ophiostoma flexuosum'' *'' Ophiostoma grande'' *'' Ophiostoma himal-ulmi'' *'' Ophiostoma longicollum'' *'' Ophiostoma manitobense'' *'' Ophios ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ophiostoma Mitovirus 5
''Ophiostoma'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiostomataceae. It was circumscribed in 1919 by mycologists Hans Sydow and Paul Sydow. Species *'' Ophiostoma adjuncti'' *'' Ophiostoma ainoae'' *'' Ophiostoma allantosporum'' *'' Ophiostoma angusticollis'' *'' Ophiostoma araucariae'' *'' Ophiostoma bacillisporum'' *'' Ophiostoma bicolor'' *'' Ophiostoma bragantinum'' *'' Ophiostoma brevicolle'' *'' Ophiostoma brunneociliatum'' *'' Ophiostoma brunneum'' *'' Ophiostoma cantabriense'' *'' Ophiostoma canum'' *'' Ophiostoma carpenteri''Hausner, G., et al. 2003Three new species of ''Ophiostoma'' and notes on ''Cornuvesica falcate''.''Canadian Journal of Botany'' 81(1) 40–48. *'' Ophiostoma clavatum'' *'' Ophiostoma colliferum'' *'' Ophiostoma coronatum'' *'' Ophiostoma cuculatum'' *'' Ophiostoma distortum'' *'' Ophiostoma epigloeum'' *'' Ophiostoma flexuosum'' *'' Ophiostoma grande'' *'' Ophiostoma himal-ulmi'' *'' Ophiostoma longicollum'' *'' Ophiostoma manitobense'' *'' Ophios ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ophiostoma Mitovirus 4
''Ophiostoma'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiostomataceae. It was circumscribed in 1919 by mycologists Hans Sydow and Paul Sydow. Species *'' Ophiostoma adjuncti'' *'' Ophiostoma ainoae'' *'' Ophiostoma allantosporum'' *'' Ophiostoma angusticollis'' *'' Ophiostoma araucariae'' *'' Ophiostoma bacillisporum'' *'' Ophiostoma bicolor'' *'' Ophiostoma bragantinum'' *'' Ophiostoma brevicolle'' *'' Ophiostoma brunneociliatum'' *'' Ophiostoma brunneum'' *'' Ophiostoma cantabriense'' *'' Ophiostoma canum'' *'' Ophiostoma carpenteri''Hausner, G., et al. 2003Three new species of ''Ophiostoma'' and notes on ''Cornuvesica falcate''.''Canadian Journal of Botany'' 81(1) 40–48. *'' Ophiostoma clavatum'' *'' Ophiostoma colliferum'' *'' Ophiostoma coronatum'' *'' Ophiostoma cuculatum'' *'' Ophiostoma distortum'' *'' Ophiostoma epigloeum'' *'' Ophiostoma flexuosum'' *'' Ophiostoma grande'' *'' Ophiostoma himal-ulmi'' *'' Ophiostoma longicollum'' *'' Ophiostoma manitobense'' *'' Ophios ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryphonectria Mitovirus 1
''Cryphonectria'' is a fungal genus in the order Diaporthales. The most well-known and well-studied species in the genus is ''Cryphonectria parasitica'', the species which causes chestnut blight. The genus was, for a time, considered synonymous with '' Endothia'', but the two are now recognised as distinct. Taxonomic studies in 2006 limited the genus to four species, but a fifth, '' Cryphonectria naterciae'', was described in 2011 from Portugal. Species *'' Cryphonectria abscondita'' *'' Cryphonectria acaciarum'' *'' Cryphonectria cubensis'' *'' Cryphonectria decipiens'' *'' Cryphonectria japonica'' *'' Cryphonectria macrospora'' *'' Cryphonectria moriformis'' *'' Cryphonectria naterciae'' *'' Cryphonectria nitschkei'' *''Cryphonectria parasitica'' *'' Cryphonectria variicolor'' According to Murr) (And.et And.)Chestnut blight was first discovered in North America in 1904 on '' Castanea dentata''. By the 1940s it had killed most wild American chestnut trees, which were formerly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNA Genome
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, nucleic acids constitute one of the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA, RNA is found in nature as a single strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (''mRNA'') to convey genetic information (using the nitrogenous bases of guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, denoted by the letters G, U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome. Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling gene expression, or sensing and communicating responses to cellular s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Reading Frame
In molecular biology, open reading frames (ORFs) are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic DNA sequence, where only one of the six possible reading frames will be "open" (the "reading", however, refers to the RNA produced by transcription of the DNA and its subsequent interaction with the ribosome in translation). Such an ORF may contain a start codon (usually AUG in terms of RNA) and by definition cannot extend beyond a stop codon (usually UAA, UAG or UGA in RNA). That start codon (not necessarily the first) indicates where translation may start. The transcription termination site is located after the ORF, beyond the translation stop codon. If transcription were to cease before the stop codon, an incomplete protein would be made during translation. In eukaryotic genes with multiple exons, introns are removed and exons are then joined together after transcription to yield the final ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Envelope
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. Numerous human pathogenic viruses in circulation are encased in lipid bilayers, and they infect their target cells by causing the viral envelope and cell membrane to fuse. Although there are effective vaccines against some of these viruses, there is no preventative or curative medicine for the majority of them. In most cases, the known vaccines operate by inducing antibodies that prevent the pathogen from entering cells. This happens in the case of enveloped viruses when the antibodies bind to the viral envelope proteins. The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral fusion protein. Many enveloped viruses only have one protein visible on the surface of the particle, which is required for both mediating adhesion to the cell surface and for the subsequent membrane fusi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sense (molecular Biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, negative-sense strand of DNA is equivalent to the template strand, whereas the positive-sense strand is the non-template strand whose nucleotide sequence is equivalent to the sequence of the mRNA transcript. DNA sense Because of the complementary nature of base-pairing between nucleic acid polymers, a double-stranded DNA molecule will be composed of two strands with sequences that are reverse complements of each other. To help molecular biologists specifically identify each strand individually, the two strands are usually differentiated as the "sense" strand and the "antisense" strand. An individual strand of DNA is referred to as positive-sense (also positive (+) or simply sense) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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