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Minuscule 156
Minuscule 156 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 206 ( Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", ''Walter de Gruyter'', Berlin, New York 1994, p. 56. It has marginalia. Description The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 244 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, in 23 lines per page (size of text 8.2 by 6.7 cm). Titles are in gold. The text is divided according to the (''chapters''), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their (''titles of chapters'') at the top of the pages. There is also another division into smaller the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 241 sections - the last in 16:20), but without references to the Eusebian Canons. It contains tables of the (''tables of contents'') before each Gospel, synax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gospel
Gospel originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words and deeds of Jesus, culminating in his trial and death and concluding with various reports of his post-resurrection appearances. Modern scholars are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically, but nevertheless, they provide a good idea of the public career of Jesus, and critical study can attempt to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of the later authors. The four canonical gospels were probably written between AD 66 and 110. All four were anonymous (with the modern names added in the 2nd century), almost certainly none were by eyewitnesses, and all are the end-products of long oral and written transmission. Mark was the first to be written, using a variety of sources. The authors of Matthew and Luke both independently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Categories Of New Testament Manuscripts
New Testament manuscripts in Greek are categorized into five groups, according to a scheme introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in ''The Text of the New Testament''. The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various text-types. Generally speaking, earlier Alexandrian manuscripts are category I, while later Byzantine manuscripts are category V. Aland's method involved considering 1000 passages where the Byzantine text differs from non-Byzantine text. The Alands did not select their 1000 readings from all of the NT books; for example, none were drawn from Matthew and Luke. Description of categories The Alands' categories do not simply correspond to the text-types; all they do is demonstrate the 'Byzantine-ness' of a particular text; that is, how much it is similar to the Byzantine text-type, from least (Category I) to most similar (Category V). Category V can be equated with the Byzantine text-type, but the other categories are not necessarily re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oscar Von Gebhardt
Oscar Leopold von Gebhardt (22 June 1844 – 9 May 1906) was a German Lutheran theologian, born in the Baltic German settlement of Wesenberg in the Russian Empire (now Rakvere, Estonia). He studied theology at Dorpat and at several other German universities, and afterwards worked in university libraries at Strasbourg, Leipzig, Halle and Göttingen. In 1891 he became director of the publication department at the Royal Library at Berlin,Gebhardt, Oskar Leopold at Deutsche Biographie and in 1893 became chief and of |
Johann Martin Augustin Scholz
Johann Martin Augustin Scholz (8 February 1794 – 20 October 1852) was a German Roman Catholic orientalist, biblical scholar and academic theologian. He was a professor at the University of Bonn and travelled extensively throughout Europe and the Near East in order to locate manuscripts of the New Testament. Life Scholz attended secondary school at the Catholic ''gymnasium'' in Breslau and then studied at the University of Breslau. In 1817 he was granted the degree of Doctor of Theology by the University of Freiburg, where he had studied under Johann Leonhard Hug (1765-1846). Scholz then went to Paris, where he studied Persian and Arabic under Silvestre de Sacy, and collated numerous codices (Greek, Latin, Arabic and Syriac) of the New Testament. From Paris he went to London, then travelled through France and Switzerland en route to Italy, the principal libraries of which he visited in order to conduct biblical research. In the autumn of 1821, upon his return from a journe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrew Birch
Andreas Birch (November 6, 1758 – October 25, 1829) was a professor from Copenhagen.Fr. NielsenBiografii 1. '' Dansk biografisk leksikon'', edited by C.F. Bricka, 2. volume, page 280, Gyldendal, 1887–1905 Birch was sent in 1781–1783 by the king of Denmark, Christian VII, to examine manuscripts in Italy, Germany, and other European countries. Life Birch had a difficult experience at the age of 4 when in one month he lost both of his parents. His uncle, brewer A. T. Gardenholtz, took care of him, however, and by the year 1774, he was a student. Five years later he finished his theological studies in Copenhagen and travelled to Göttingen to continue his theological and philological studies under the guidance of Johann David Michaelis' and Christian Gottlob Heyne. Michaelis, who had big expectations for Birch's scientific abilities, advised him to travel to Italy to study "the hidden and hitherto unused manuscripts of the New Testament." Prime Minister Ove Høegh-Guldberg suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181 (in the Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland, Gregory-Aland numbering), α 101 (Biblical manuscript#Von Soden, Soden), is a Greek language, Greek Lower case, minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeography, Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", ''Walter de Gruyter'', Berlin, New York 1994, p. 57. Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r. It has marginalia. Description The codex contains the text of the Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles with only one Lacuna (manuscripts), lacunae (Titus 3:3 – Philemon), on 169 elegant parchment leaves (size ). The Book of Revelation contained in this codex has been re-numbed Gregory-Aland 2919. The text is written in one column per page, in 26-32 lines per page. The text is divided according to the (''chapters''), whose numbers are given at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 155
Minuscule 155 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 403 ( Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. It has marginalia. Description The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 307 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, in 20 lines per page. The text is divided according to the (''chapters''), whose numbers are given at the margin, and the (''titles of chapters'') at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark 241 – 16:20), but it was added by later hand. It contains Synaxarion (liturgical book with hagiographies), subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, with numbers of at the end of each Gospel. Some lessons from Paul prefixed. Text The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kr. Aland place ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 154
Minuscule 154 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Θε402 ( Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on cotton paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th-century. It has complex contents, and full marginalia. Description The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 355 paper leaves (size ), with a Theophylact's commentary. The text is written in one column per page, in 40 lines per page. The paper has brown colour, written in black ink, capital letters in red. The text is divided according to the (''chapters''), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their (''titles of chapters'') at the top of the pages. The references to the Eusebian Canons are absent. It contains lectionary markings at the margin (for liturgical use), liturgical books with hagiographies ( Synaxarion and Menologion), numbers of stichoi, and subscriptions at the end of each Gospel. At the end of the manuscript is given subscription α υ μ β απρι ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Alexander VII
Pope Alexander VII ( it, Alessandro VII; 13 February 159922 May 1667), born Fabio Chigi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 April 1655 to his death in May 1667. He began his career as a vice- papal legate, and he held various diplomatic positions in the Holy See. He was ordained as a priest in 1634, and he became bishop of Nardo in 1635. He was later transferred in 1652, and he became bishop of Imola. Pope Innocent X made him secretary of state in 1651, and in 1652, he was appointed a cardinal. Early in his papacy, Alexander, who was seen as an anti-nepotist at the time of his election, lived simply; later, however, he gave jobs to his relatives, who eventually took over his administration. His administration worked to support the Jesuits. However, his administration's relations with France were strained due to his frictions with French diplomats. Alexander was interested in architecture and supported various urban projects in Rome. He als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decio Azzolino
Decio Azzolino (11 April 1623 – 8 June 1689) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal, code-breaker, investigator and leader of the Squadrone Volante. Early life Azzolino was born at Fermo, the son of Pompeo Azzolino and Giulia Ruffo. He was the great-nephew of Cardinal Decio Azzolino, the elder, and is thus often referred to as Cardinal Decio Azzolino, the younger. He received doctorates in philosophy, law and theology from the University of Fermo. On 18 January 1642 Pope Urban VIII named Bishop Giovanni Giacomo Panciroli nuncio extraordinary to Spain. Azzolino followed Panciroli to Madrid, and in 1644 when Pope Innocent X appointed Panciroli as secretary of state, he began assisting him in the secretariat. When Panciroli died in September 1651, Azzolino managed the secretariat until the return of Bishop Fabio Chigi from Germany. Chigi was named secretary of state in December. As an agent of Donna Olimpia Azzolino was a skilled cryptographer, responsible for cracking ciphers used i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christina Of Sweden
Christina ( sv, Kristina, 18 December ( New Style) 1626 – 19 April 1689), a member of the House of Vasa, was Queen of Sweden in her own right from 1632 until her abdication in 1654. She succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus upon his death at the Battle of Lützen in 1632, but began ruling the Swedish Empire when she reached the age of eighteen in 1644. The Swedish queen is remembered as one of the most learned women of the 17th century. She was fond of books, manuscripts, paintings, and sculptures. With her interest in religion, philosophy, mathematics, and alchemy, she attracted many scientists to Stockholm, wanting the city to become the " Athens of the North". The Peace of Westphalia allowed her to establish an academy or university when and wherever she wanted. In 1644, she began issuing copper in lumps as large as fifteen kilograms to serve as currency. Christina's financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and the financial difficulties c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Bell & Sons
George Bell & Sons was a book publishing house located in London, United Kingdom, from 1839 to 1986. History George Bell & Sons was founded by George Bell as an educational bookseller, with the intention of selling the output of London university presses; but became best known as an independent publisher of classics and children's books. One of Bell's first investments in publishing was a series of ''Railway Companions''; that is, booklets of timetables and tourist guides. Within a year Bell's publishing business had outstripped his retail business, and he elected to move from his original offices into Fleet Street. There G. Bell & Sons branched into the publication of books on art, architecture, and archaeology, in addition to the classics for which the company was already known. Bell's reputation was only improved by his association with Henry Cole. In the mid-1850s, Bell expanded again, printing the children's books of Margaret Gatty (''Parables from Nature'') and Julia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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