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Military Intelligence (Syria)
The Military Intelligence Directorate ( ar, شعبة المخابرات العسكرية, translit=Shu'bat al-Mukhabarat al-'Askariyya), is the military intelligence service of Syria. Although its roots go back to the French mandate period (1923–1943), its current organization was established in 1969.Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick . Lib.unb.ca. Retrieved on 19 October 2010. Its predecessor organisation was called the '''' (the Second Bureau). It is headquartered at the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deuxième Bureau
The Deuxième Bureau de l'État-major général ("Second Bureau of the General Staff") was France's external military intelligence agency from 1871 to 1940. It was dissolved together with the Third Republic upon the armistice with Germany. However the term "Deuxième Bureau" (), like " MI6" and " KGB", outlived the original organization as a general label for the country's intelligence service. French military intelligence was composed of two separate bureaus prior to World War II. The Premier Bureau was charged with informing the high command about the state of French, allied and friendly troops, while the Deuxième Bureau developed intelligence concerning enemy troops. The Deuxième Bureau was celebrated for its cryptanalytical work, but it was criticized for its involvement in the Dreyfus affair and its consistent overestimation of German military formations prior to World War II. Its final director was Colonel Louis Rivet. History 19th century On June 8, 1871, the French ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Zaza
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar, عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600 – 661 CE) was the last of four Rightly Guided Caliphs to rule Islam (r. 656 – 661) immediately after the death of Muhammad, and he was the first Shia Imam. The issue of his succession caused a major rift between Muslims and divided them into Shia and Sunni groups. Ali was assassinated in the Grand Mosque of Kufa in 661 by the forces of Mu'awiya, who went on to found the Umayyad Caliphate. The Imam Ali Shrine and the city of Najaf were built around Ali's tomb and it is visited yearly by millions of devotees. Ali was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, raised by him from the age of 5, and accepted his claim of divine revelation by age 11, being among the first to do so. Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam while Muhammad was in Mecca and under severe persecution. After Muhammad's relocation to Medina in 622, Ali married his daughter Fatima and, among others, fathered Hasan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Far' Falastin
Far' Falastine (), also known as Branch 235, is a prison operated by Syrian Intelligence under the charge of Brig. Gen. Muhammad Khallouf located in Damascus, notorious for accounts of torture, coercive interrogation, and deplorable conditions related by its former detainees. The Branch was established in 1969 as the liaison between the Syrian government and the various Palestinian entities permitted to operate in Syria (Fatah, as-Sa'iqa, DFLP, and PFLP). Although it has been associated with torture at least since 1990, the prison gained widespread notoriety in the wake of the September 11 attacks due to detainees suspected of ties to terrorist organizations being sent there through extraordinary renditions, primarily by the United States, as a means of outsourcing torture. The detention center is reportedly quite large, run by some 500 employees, but the majority of the reports regarding torture and abusive interrogation focus on the three underground floors. Conditions The cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policy makers, companies, and individual human rights abusers to denounce abuse and respect human rights, and the group often works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants, and political prisoners. Human Rights Watch, in 1997, shared the Nobel Peace Prize as a founding member of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, and it played a leading role in the 2008 treaty banning cluster munitions. The organization's annual expenses totaled $50.6 million in 2011, $69.2 million in 2014, and $75.5 million in 2017. History Human Rights Watch was co-founded by Robert L. Bernstein Jeri Laber and Aryeh Neier as a private American NGO in 1978, under the name Helsinki Watch, to monitor the then-Soviet Union's compliance with the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki Watch adopted a practice of public ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimes Against Humanity
Crimes against humanity are widespread or systemic acts committed by or on behalf of a ''de facto'' authority, usually a state, that grossly violate human rights. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity do not have to take place within the context of war, and apply to widespread practices rather than acts committed by individuals. Although crimes against humanity apply to acts committed by or on behalf of authorities, they need not be official policy, and require only tolerance rather than explicit approval. The first prosecution for crimes against humanity took place at the Nuremberg trials. Initially being considered for legal use, widely in international law, following the Holocaust a global standard of human rights was articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Political groups or states that violate or incite violation of human rights norms, as found in the Declaration, are an expression of the political pathologies associated with crimes against hu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been described as a '' sui generis'' political entity (without precedent or comparison) combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation. Containing 5.8per cent of the world population in 2020, the EU generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around trillion in 2021, constituting approximately 18per cent of global nominal GDP. Additionally, all EU states but Bulgaria have a very high Human Development Index according to the United Nations Development Programme. Its cornerstone, the Customs Union, paved the way to establishing an internal single market based on standardised legal framework and legislation that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states have agreed to act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rustum Ghazali
Rustum Ghazaleh ( ar, رستم غزالة) also transl. from Arabic as Rostom Ghazale, Rustom Ghazalah, Rustom Ghazali; (3 May 1953 – 24 April 2015) was a Syrian military and intelligence officer. Early life Ghazaleh was born into a Sunni Muslim family in Qarfa village in Daraa Governorate on 3 May 1953. Career Ghazaleh joined the Syrian Arab Army as a first lieutenant and platoon commander of a mechanized infantry (BMP-1) unit in 1973, just in time for the Yom Kippur War but did not see frontline combat. He later trained in artillery and military intelligence in the Soviet Union. He was later an artillery spotter and commander of a mechanized battalion during the Lebanese Civil War. He was appointed by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in December 2002 to succeed the late Ghazi Kanaan as head of Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon. He frequently traveled to the Bekaa valley where he had a residence and his headquarters in Anjar, and has been accused of involvement in the Bek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohamed Mahala
Muhammad was an Islamic prophet and a religious and political leader who preached and established Islam. Muhammad and variations may also refer to: *Muhammad (name), a given name and surname, and list of people with the name and its variations Persons with the name Muhammad and no other name *Muhammad (Bavandid ruler), 13th-century Iranian monarch *Muhammad V of Kelantan (born 1969), 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Sultan of Kelantan *Mohammed VI of Morocco (born 1963), King of Morocco * Muhammed VII, Sultan of Granada (1370–1408) *Muhammad VII of Bornu of the Sayfawa dynasty (1731–1747) * Muhammed VIII, Sultan of Granada (1411–1431) *Mohammed VIII of Bornu of the Sayfawa dynasty (1811–1814) Places * Mohammad-e Olya, a village in Fars Province, Iran *Mohammad, Gachsaran, a village in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran *Mohammad, Kohgiluyeh, a village in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran *Mohammad, Sistan and Baluchestan, a village in Sistan and Baluchesta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rafiq Shahadah
Rafiq Shahadah ( ar, رفيق شحادة, born 1956) is a Syrian Army major general. He was head of the Military Intelligence Directorate and the chief of staff of the Syrian Army's operations in Eastern Syria. Early life Shahadah was born in Jableh, Latakia Governorate, in 1956. Career Shahadah was an adviser to President Bashar Al-Assad on strategic questions and military intelligence. At the initial phase of Syrian war Shahadah was serving as a security official in Homs. During his tenure Marie Colvin, a war correspondent, was killed in an attack in February 2012 which was confirmed by Shahadah who stated "Marie Colvin was a dog and now she’s dead. Let the Americans help her now." Shahadah was appointed chief of the Military Intelligence Directorate in July 2012, replacing Abdul Fatah Qudsiya, who then became the deputy director of the National Security Bureau. In 2015, Shahadah was dismissed from his role as director of Military Intelligence Directorate, following a di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdel-Fatah Qudsiyeh
Abdel-Fatah Qudsiyeh ( ar, عبد الفتاح قدسية; born 1953) is since 2012 the deputy director of the Syrian National Security Bureau and a close adviser to President Bashar al-Assad. Early life Qudsiyeh was born in Hama in 1953. Career Qudsiyeh is a major general. He served in the special forces and was the head of the Air Force Intelligence Directorate of Syria. He also served as the head of the Syrian Military Intelligence Directorate from 2009 to July 2012. After the National Security headquarters bombing in July 2012, he was appointed as the deputy director of the National Security Bureau which became headed by Ali Mamlouk. Qudsiyeh was replaced by Rafiq Shahadah as general director of the military intelligence. Sanctions Since 9 May 2011, Qudsiyeh is one of several officials sanctioned by the European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Said Mohammad Sammour
Said Mohammad Sammour ( ar, سعيد محمد سمور) (born 1950) is a Syrian military officer and politician who served as interior minister between 2009 and 2011. Early life and education Sammour was born in Jableh in 1950. He received a bachelor of arts degree in English literature. He also holds a diploma in aeronautical science. Career Sammour is a former major general. He was the chief of Syrian military intelligence in Homs. He also served in the same post in charge with the Damascus Region. Then he was appointed deputy chief of the military intelligence in 2005, and served in the post until 2009. On 23 April 2009, Sammour was appointed interior minister to the cabinet Cabinet or The Cabinet may refer to: Furniture * Cabinetry, a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers * Display cabinet, a piece of furniture with one or more transparent glass sheets or transparent polycarbonate sheets * Filing ... headed by Prime Minister Mohammad Naji al-Otari, r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assef Shawkat
Assef Shawkat ( ar, آصِفُ شَوْكَتْ, ʾĀṣif Šawkat; 15 January 1950 – 18 July 2012) was the deputy Minister of Defense of Syria from September 2011 until his death in July 2012. He was the brother-in-law of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, having married his older sister Bushra. He and three other top Syrian government officials were killed on 18 July 2012 in Damascus during a deadly bomb attack allegedly organized by the Free Syrian Army. Early life and education Assef Shawkat was born into an Alawite family in the village of Al-Madehleh in the Tartus region of Syria on 15 January 1950. He grew up in modest comfort and studied law and history at Damascus University before joining the Syrian army in the late 1970s. During this time, Shawkat married and had five children. Army career After joining the army, Shawkat began working his way up through the ranks, and by 1982 he was an officer in the Defense Companies paramilitary force headed by Rifaat al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
