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MIFARE
MIFARE is the NXP Semiconductors-owned trademark of a series of integrated circuit (IC) chips used in contactless smart cards and proximity cards. The brand name covers proprietary solutions based upon various levels of the ISO/IEC 14443 Type A 13.56 MHz contactless smart card standard. It uses AES and DES/Triple-DES encryption standards, as well as an older proprietary encryption algorithm, Crypto-1. According to NXP, 10 billion of their smart card chips and over 150 million reader modules have been sold. MIFARE is owned by NXP Semiconductors, which was spun off from Philips Electronics in 2006. Variants MIFARE products are embedded in contactless and contact smart cards, smart paper tickets, wearables and phones. The MIFARE brand name (derived from the term MIKRON FARE Collection and created by the company Mikron) covers four families of contactless cards: ; MIFARE Classic: Employs a proprietary protocol compliant to parts 1–3 of ISO/IEC 14443 Type A, with an NXP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crypto-1
Crypto1 is a proprietary encryption algorithm ( stream cipher) and authentication protocol created by NXP Semiconductors for its MIFARE Classic RFID contactless smart cards launched in 1994. Such cards have been used in many notable systems, including Oyster card, CharlieCard and OV-chipkaart. By 2009, cryptographic research had reverse engineered the cipher and a variety of attacks were published that effectively broke the security. NXP responded by issueing "hardened" (but still backwards compatible) cards, the MIFARE Classic EV1. However, in 2015 a new attack rendered the cards insecure, and NXP now recommends migrating away from MIFARE Classic. Technical description Crypto1 is a stream cipher very similar in its structure to its successor, Hitag2. Crypto1 consists of * a 48-bit linear feedback shift register for the state of the cipher, * a two-layer 20-to-1 nonlinear function used to generate the keystream, and * a 16-bit LFSR which is used during the authentication ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NXP Semiconductors
NXP Semiconductors N.V. (NXP) is a Dutch semiconductor designer and manufacturer with headquarters in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The company employs approximately 31,000 people in more than 30 countries. NXP reported revenue of $11.06 billion in 2021. Originally spun off from Philips in 2006, NXP completed its initial public offering, on August 6, 2010, with shares trading on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol ''NXPI''. On December 23, 2013, NXP Semiconductors was added to the NASDAQ 100. On March 2, 2015, it was announced that NXP would merge with Freescale Semiconductor. The merger was closed on December 7, 2015. On October 27, 2016, it was announced that Qualcomm would try to buy NXP. Because the Chinese merger authority did not approve the acquisition before the deadline set by Qualcomm, the attempt was effectively cancelled on July 26, 2018. Description NXP provides technology solutions targeting the automotive, industrial & IoT, mobile, and communication infrastructure market ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TecTile
TecTiles are a near field communication (NFC) application, developed by Samsung, for use with mobile smartphone devices. Each TecTile is a low-cost self-adhesive sticker with an embedded NFC Tag. They are programmed before use, which can be done simply by the user, using a downloadable Android app. When an NFC-capable phone is placed or 'tapped' on a Tag, the programmed action is undertaken. This could cause a website to be displayed, the phone switched to silent mode, or many other possible actions. NFC Tags are an application of RFID technology. Unlike most RFID, which makes an effort to give a long reading range, NFC deliberately limits this range to only a few inches or almost touching the phone to the Tag. This is done deliberately, so that Tags have no effect on a phone unless there is a clear user action to 'trigger' the Tag. Although phones are usually touched to Tags, this does not require any 'docking' or galvanic contact with the Tag, so they are still considered to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contactless Smart Card
A contactless smart card is a contactless credential whose dimensions are credit-card size. Its embedded integrated circuits can store (and sometimes process) data and communicate with a terminal via NFC. Commonplace uses include transit tickets, bank cards and passports. There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards. Memory cards contain non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Contactless smart cards contain read-only RFID called CSN (Card Serial Number) or UID, and a re-writeable smart card microchip that can be transcribed via radio waves. Overview A contactless smart card is characterized as follows: *Dimensions are normally credit card size. The ID-1 of ISO/IEC 7810 standard defines them as 85.60 × 53.98 × 0.76 mm (3.370 × 2.125 × 0.030 in). *Contains a security system with tamper-resistant properties (e.g. a secure cryptoprocessor, secure file system, human-readable features) and is capable of providing sec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO/IEC 14443
ISO/IEC 14443 ''Identification cards -- Contactless integrated circuit cards -- Proximity cards'' is an international standard that defines proximity cards used for identification, and the transmission protocols for communicating with it. Standard The standard is developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 17 (Subcommittee 17) / WG 8 (Working Group 8). Parts * ISO/IEC 14443-1:2018 Part 1: Physical characteristics * ISO/IEC 14443-2:2016 Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface * ISO/IEC 14443-3:2018 Part 3: Initialization and anticollision * ISO/IEC 14443-4:2018 Part 4: Transmission protocol Types Cards may be Type A and Type B, both of which communicate via radio at 13.56 MHz (RFID HF). The main differences between these types concern modulation methods, coding schemes (Part 2) and protocol initialization procedures (Part 3). Both Type A and Type B cards use the same transmission protocol (described in Part 4). The transmission protocol sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contactless Smart Card
A contactless smart card is a contactless credential whose dimensions are credit-card size. Its embedded integrated circuits can store (and sometimes process) data and communicate with a terminal via NFC. Commonplace uses include transit tickets, bank cards and passports. There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards. Memory cards contain non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Contactless smart cards contain read-only RFID called CSN (Card Serial Number) or UID, and a re-writeable smart card microchip that can be transcribed via radio waves. Overview A contactless smart card is characterized as follows: *Dimensions are normally credit card size. The ID-1 of ISO/IEC 7810 standard defines them as 85.60 × 53.98 × 0.76 mm (3.370 × 2.125 × 0.030 in). *Contains a security system with tamper-resistant properties (e.g. a secure cryptoprocessor, secure file system, human-readable features) and is capable of providing sec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Campus Card
A campus credential, more commonly known as a campus card or a campus ID card is an identification document certifying the status of students, faculty, staff or other constituents as members of the institutional community and eligible for access to services and resources. Campus credentials are typically valid for the duration of a student's enrollment or an employee's service. History In 1993, thNational Association of Campus Card Users (NACCU)board held its first board meeting at Duke University. The board was composed of thought leaders from Loyola College, Duke University, SUNY Geneseo, and Florida State University. Their vision was to create an organization with the purpose of educating college and university administrators charged with the responsibility for developing card systems by apprising them of newly installed applications, vendor performance, technology platforms, and other matters relating to the marketplace for card systems (National Association of Campus Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intel MCS-51
The Intel MCS-51 (commonly termed 8051) is a single chip microcontroller (MCU) series developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. The architect of the Intel MCS-51 instruction set was John H. Wharton. Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, and enhanced binary compatible derivatives remain popular today. It is an example of a complex instruction set computer (but also possessing some of the features of RISC architectures, such as a large register set and register windows) and has separate memory spaces for program instructions and data. Intel's original MCS-51 family was developed using N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor ( NMOS) technology, like its predecessor Intel MCS-48, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name (e.g., 80C51) use complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( CMOS) technology and consume less power than their NMOS predecessors. This made them more suitable for battery-powered devices. The family was co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO/IEC 7816
ISO/IEC 7816 is an international standard related to electronic identification cards with contacts, especially smart cards, and more recently, contactless mobile devices, managed jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It is developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 17 (Subcommittee 17). The following describes the different parts of this standard. : ''Note: abstracts and dates, when present, are mere quotations from the ISO website, and are neither guaranteed at the time of edition nor in the future''. Parts * ISO/IEC 7816-1:2011 ''Part 1: Cards with contacts—Physical characteristics'' * ISO/IEC 7816-2:2007 ''Part 2: Cards with contacts—Dimensions and location of the contacts'' * ISO/IEC 7816-3:2006 ''Part 3: Cards with contacts—Electrical interface and transmission protocols'' * ISO/IEC 7816-4:2013 ''Part 4: Organization, security and commands for interchange'' * IS ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Message-authentication Code
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as a ''tag'', is a short piece of information used for authenticating a message. In other words, to confirm that the message came from the stated sender (its authenticity) and has not been changed. The MAC value protects a message's data integrity, as well as its authenticity, by allowing verifiers (who also possess the secret key) to detect any changes to the message content. Terminology The term message integrity code (MIC) is frequently substituted for the term ''MAC'', especially in communications to distinguish it from the use of the latter as '' media access control address'' (''MAC address''). However, some authors use MIC to refer to a message digest, which aims only to uniquely but opaquely identify a single message. RFC 4949 recommends avoiding the term ''message integrity code'' (MIC), and instead using ''checksum'', '' error detection code'', '' hash'', ''keyed hash'', ''message authentication code' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
