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Mesnidovirineae
''Mesnidovirineae'' is a suborder of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Nidovirales'' which infect invertebrates. Host organisms include mosquitoes. Taxonomy *'' Medioniviridae'' **'' Medionivirinae'' **'' Tunicanivirinae'' *''Mesoniviridae ''Mesoniviridae'' is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Nidovirales'' which infect mosquitoes. The family is named after the size of the genomes relative to other nidoviruses, with ''meso-'' coming from the Greek w ...'' **'' Hexponivirinae'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q57743959 Virus suborders Nidovirales ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nidovirales
''Nidovirales'' is an order of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect vertebrates and invertebrates. Host organisms include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, arthropods, molluscs, and helminths. The order includes the families ''Coronaviridae'', ''Arteriviridae, Roniviridae,'' and ''Mesoniviridae''. Member viruses have a viral envelope and a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome which is capped and polyadenylated. Nidoviruses are named for the Latin ''nidus'', meaning nest, as all viruses in this order produce a 3' co-terminal nested set of subgenomic mRNAs during infection. Virology Structure Nidoviruses have a viral envelope and a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome which is capped and polyadenylated. The group expresses structural proteins separately from the nonstructural ones. The structural proteins are encoded at the 3’ region of the genome and are expressed from a set of subgenomic mRNAs. Member viruses encode one main protei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Envelope
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. Numerous human pathogenic viruses in circulation are encased in lipid bilayers, and they infect their target cells by causing the viral envelope and cell membrane to fuse. Although there are effective vaccines against some of these viruses, there is no preventative or curative medicine for the majority of them. In most cases, the known vaccines operate by inducing antibodies that prevent the pathogen from entering cells. This happens in the case of enveloped viruses when the antibodies bind to the viral envelope proteins. The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral fusion protein. Many enveloped viruses only have one protein visible on the surface of the particle, which is required for both mediating adhesion to the cell surface and for the subsequent membrane fusi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positive-strand RNA Virus
Positive-strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome. Positive-strand RNA viruses are divided between the phyla ''Kitrinoviricota'', ''Lenarviricota'', and ''Pisuviricota'' (specifically classes ''Pisoniviricetes'' and '' Stelpavirictes'') all of which are in the kingdom '' Orthornavirae'' and realm '' Riboviria''. They are monophyletic and descended from a common RNA virus ancestor. In the Baltimore classification system, +ssRNA viruses belong to Group IV. Positive-sense RNA viruses include pathogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invertebrate
Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordate subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include arthropods, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms and cnidarians. The majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%. Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata. Invertebrates vary widely in size, from 50 μm (0.002 in) rotifers to the 9–10 m (30–33 ft) colossal squid. Some so-called invertebrates, such as the Tunicata and Cephalochordata, are more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates. This makes the invertebrates paraphyletic, so the term has little meaning in taxonomy. Etymology The word "invertebrate" comes from the Latin word ''vertebra'', whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mosquito
Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "little fly". Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, one pair of halteres, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and elongated mouthparts. The mosquito life cycle consists of egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. Eggs are laid on the water surface; they hatch into motile larvae that feed on aquatic algae and organic material. These larvae are important food sources for many freshwater animals, such as dragonfly nymphs, many fish, and some birds such as ducks. The adult females of most species have tube-like mouthparts (called a proboscis) that can pierce the skin of a host and feed on blood, which contains protein and iron needed to produce eggs. Thousands of mosquito species feed on the blood of various hosts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mesoniviridae
''Mesoniviridae'' is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Nidovirales'' which infect mosquitoes. The family is named after the size of the genomes relative to other nidoviruses, with ''meso-'' coming from the Greek word ''mesos'', which means medium, and -''ni'' being an abbreviation of ''nido''. History The family is relatively new, having only been discovered in 2011. The first virus, which was named ''Nam Dinh virus'', was found in the Vietnamese province of Nam Định. The second virus, named ''Cavally virus'', was then found in Côte d'Ivoire. These two viruses were later found to be of the same species. A third member of this first species, named ''Dak Nong virus'', was later found in ''Culex tritaeniorhynchus'' populations in Vietnam. In 2013, four more mesoniviruses were discovered in mosquito populations, all within Côte d'Ivoire, and in 2014 four mesoniviruses were discovered in mosquito populations in Australia, Indonesia, and Thailand. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexponivirinae
''Mesoniviridae'' is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Nidovirales'' which infect mosquitoes. The family is named after the size of the genomes relative to other nidoviruses, with ''meso-'' coming from the Greek word ''mesos'', which means medium, and -''ni'' being an abbreviation of ''nido''. History The family is relatively new, having only been discovered in 2011. The first virus, which was named ''Nam Dinh virus'', was found in the Vietnamese province of Nam Định. The second virus, named ''Cavally virus'', was then found in Côte d'Ivoire. These two viruses were later found to be of the same species. A third member of this first species, named ''Dak Nong virus'', was later found in '' Culex tritaeniorhynchus'' populations in Vietnam. In 2013, four more mesoniviruses were discovered in mosquito populations, all within Côte d'Ivoire, and in 2014 four mesoniviruses were discovered in mosquito populations in Australia, Indonesia, and Thailan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virus Suborders
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,Dimmock p. 4 more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or ''virions'', consisting of (i) the genetic material, i. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
