|
Memory-level Parallelism
Memory-level parallelism (MLP) is a term in computer architecture referring to the ability to have pending multiple memory operations, in particular cache misses or translation lookaside buffer (TLB) misses, at the same time. In a single processor, MLP may be considered a form of instruction-level parallelism (ILP). However, ILP is often conflated with superscalar, the ability to execute more than one instruction at the same time, e.g. a processor such as the Intel Pentium Pro is five-way superscalar, with the ability to start executing five different microinstructions in a given cycle, but it can handle four different cache misses for up to 20 different load microinstructions at any time. It is possible to have a machine that is not superscalar but which nevertheless has high MLP. Arguably a machine that has no ILP, which is not superscalar, which executes one instruction at a time in a non-pipelined manner, but which performs hardware prefetching (not software instruction-level ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Architecture
In computer engineering, computer architecture is a description of the structure of a computer system made from component parts. It can sometimes be a high-level description that ignores details of the implementation. At a more detailed level, the description may include the instruction set architecture design, microarchitecture design, logic design, and implementation. History The first documented computer architecture was in the correspondence between Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, describing the analytical engine. When building the computer Z1 in 1936, Konrad Zuse described in two patent applications for his future projects that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data, i.e., the stored-program concept. Two other early and important examples are: * John von Neumann's 1945 paper, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, which described an organization of logical elements; and *Alan Turing's more detailed ''Proposed Electronic Calculator'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Runahead
{{No footnotes, date=November 2010 Runahead is a technique that allows a microprocessor to pre-process instructions during cache miss cycles instead of stalling. The pre-processed instructions are used to generate instruction and data stream prefetches by detecting cache misses before they would otherwise occur by using the idle execution resources to calculate instruction and data stream fetch addresses using the available information that is independent of the cache miss. The principal hardware cost is a means of checkpointing the register file state and preventing pre-processed stores from modifying memory. This checkpointing can be accomplished using very little hardware since all results computed during runahead are discarded after the cache miss has been serviced, at which time normal execution resumes using the checkpointed register file state. Branch outcomes computed during runahead mode can be saved into a shift register, which can be used as a highly accurate branch pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lecture Notes In Computer Science
''Lecture Notes in Computer Science'' is a series of computer science books published by Springer Science+Business Media since 1973. Overview The series contains proceedings, post-proceedings, monographs, and Festschrifts. In addition, tutorials, state-of-the-art surveys, and "hot topics" are increasingly being included. The series is indexed by DBLP. See also *''Monographiae Biologicae'', another monograph series published by Springer Science+Business Media *''Lecture Notes in Physics'' *''Lecture Notes in Mathematics'' *''Electronic Workshops in Computing ''Electronic Workshops in Computing'' (eWiC) is a publication series by the British Computer Society. The series provides free online access for conferences and workshops in the area of computing. For example, the EVA London Conference proceeding ...'', published by the British Computer Society References External links * Publications established in 1973 Computer science books Series of non-fiction books Springer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Conference On High Performance Embedded Architectures And Compilers
International is an adjective (also used as a noun) meaning "between nations". International may also refer to: Music Albums * ''International'' (Kevin Michael album), 2011 * ''International'' (New Order album), 2002 * ''International'' (The Three Degrees album), 1975 *''International'', 2018 album by L'Algérino Songs * The Internationale, the left-wing anthem * "International" (Chase & Status song), 2014 * "International", by Adventures in Stereo from ''Monomania'', 2000 * "International", by Brass Construction from ''Renegades'', 1984 * "International", by Thomas Leer from ''The Scale of Ten'', 1985 * "International", by Kevin Michael from ''International'' (Kevin Michael album), 2011 * "International", by McGuinness Flint from ''McGuinness Flint'', 1970 * "International", by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark from '' Dazzle Ships'', 1983 * "International (Serious)", by Estelle from '' All of Me'', 2012 Politics * Political international, any transnational organization of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Symposium On Computer Architecture
The International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA) is an annual academic conference on computer architecture, generally viewed as the top-tier in the field. Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture (ACM SIGARCH) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society are technical sponsors. ISCA has participated in the Federated Computing Research Conference in 1993, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015, every year that the conference has been organized. Influential Paper Award The ISCA Influential Paper Award is presented annually at ISCA by SIGARCH and TCCA. The award is given for the paper with the most impact in the field (in the area of research, development, products, or ideas) from the conference 15 years ago. Prior recipients include: * 2022 (For ISCA 2007): Xiaobo Fan, Wolf-Dietrich Weber, Luiz André Barroso. "Power Provisioning for a Warehouse-sized Computer" * 2021 (For ISCA 2006): James Donald, M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Supercomputing Conference
The ISC High Performance, formerly known as the International Supercomputing Conference, is a yearly conference on supercomputing which has been held in Europe since 1986. It stands as the oldest supercomputing conference in the world. History In 1986 Professor Dr. Hans Werner Meuer, director of the computer centre and professor for computer science at the University of Mannheim (Germany) co-founded and organized the "Mannheim Supercomputer Seminar" which had 81 participants. This was held yearly and became the annual International Supercomputing Conference and Exhibition (ISC). In 2015, the name was officially changed to ISC High Performance. The conference is attended by speakers, vendors, and researchers from all over the world. Since 1993 the conference has been the venue for one of the twice yearly TOP500 announcements where the fastest 500 supercomputers in the world are named. The other annual announcement is in November at the '' SC Conference'' (The International Confe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proceedings Of The IEEE
The ''Proceedings of the IEEE'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The journal focuses on electrical engineering and computer science. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 9.107, ranking it sixth in the category "Engineering, Electrical & Electronic." In 2018, it became fifth with an enhanced impact factor of 10.694. History of the Proceedings The journal was established in 1909, known as the ''Proceedings of the Wireless Institute''. Six issues were published under this banner by Greenleaf Pickard and Alfred Goldsmith. Then in 1911, a merger between the Wireless Institute (New York) and the Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers (Boston) resulted in a society named the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE). In January 1913 newly formed IRE published the first issue of the ''Proceedings of the IRE''. Later, a 1000-page special issue commemorated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Conference On Architectural Support For Programming Languages And Operating Systems
The International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) is an annual interdisciplinary computer science conference organized by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). Reflecting its focus, sponsorship of the conference is made up of 50% by the ACM's Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture (SIGARCH) and 25% by each of the Special Interest Group on Programming Languages (SIGPLAN) and the Special Interest Group on Operating Systems ( SIGOPS). It is a high-impact conference in computer architecture and operating systems, but less so in programming languages/software engineering. See also * List of computer science conferences This is a list of academic conferences in computer science. Only conferences with separate articles are included; within each field, the conferences are listed alphabetically by their short names. General * FCRC – Federated Computing Research ... References {{Authority control ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hardware Scout
Hardware scout is a technique that uses otherwise idle processor execution resources to perform prefetching during cache misses. When a thread is stalled by a cache miss, the processor pipeline checkpoints the register file, switches to runahead mode, and continues to issue instructions from the thread that is waiting for memory. The thread of execution in run-ahead mode is known as a ''scout thread''. When the data returns from memory, the processor restores the register file contents from the checkpoint, and switches back to normal execution mode. The computation during run-ahead mode is discarded by the processor; nevertheless, scouting provides speedup because memory level parallelism (MLP) is increased. The cache lines brought into the cache hierarchy are often used by the processor again when it switches back to normal mode. Rock processor scout Sun's Rock processor (later canceled) used a form of hardware scout. However, any computations in run-ahead mode that do not dep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Memory
In computing, memory is a device or system that is used to store information for immediate use in a computer or related computer hardware and digital electronic devices. The term ''memory'' is often synonymous with the term ''primary storage'' or '' main memory''. An archaic synonym for memory is store. Computer memory operates at a high speed compared to storage that is slower but less expensive and higher in capacity. Besides storing opened programs, computer memory serves as disk cache and write buffer to improve both reading and writing performance. Operating systems borrow RAM capacity for caching so long as not needed by running software. If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to storage; a common way of doing this is through a memory management technique called ''virtual memory''. Modern memory is implemented as semiconductor memory, where data is stored within memory cells built from MOS transistors and other components on an integrated c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memory Dependence Prediction
Memory dependence prediction is a technique, employed by high-performance out-of-order execution microprocessors that execute memory access operations (loads and stores) out of program order, to predict true dependencies between loads and stores at instruction execution time. With the predicted dependence information, the processor can then decide to speculatively execute certain loads and stores out of order, while preventing other loads and stores from executing out-of-order (keeping them in-order). Later in the pipeline, memory disambiguation techniques are used to determine if the loads and stores were correctly executed and, if not, to recover. By using the memory dependence predictor to keep most dependent loads and stores in order, the processor gains the benefits of aggressive out-of-order load/store execution but avoids many of the memory dependence violations that occur when loads and stores were incorrectly executed. This increases performance because it reduces the numbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memory Disambiguation
{{Unreferenced, date=October 2014 Memory disambiguation is a set of techniques employed by high-performance out-of-order execution microprocessors that execute memory access instructions (loads and stores) out of program order. The mechanisms for performing memory disambiguation, implemented using digital logic inside the microprocessor core, detect true dependencies between memory operations at execution time and allow the processor to recover when a dependence has been violated. They also eliminate spurious memory dependencies and allow for greater instruction-level parallelism by allowing safe out-of-order execution of loads and stores. Background Dependencies When attempting to execute instructions out of order, a microprocessor must respect true dependencies between instructions. For example, consider a simple true dependence: 1: add $1, $2, $3 # R1 <= R2 + R3 2: add $5, $1, $4 # R5 <= R1 + R4 (dependent on 1) In this example, the add instruction on ...
[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Computer Memory")