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Medieval Unicode Font Initiative
In digital typography, the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI) is a project which aims to coordinate the encoding and display of special characters in medieval texts written in the Latin alphabet, which are not encoded as part of Unicode. Organization MUFI was founded in July 2001 by a workgroup consisting of Odd Einar Haugen (Bergen), Alec McAllister (Leeds), and Tarrin Wills (Sydney). From 2006 to 2015, MUFI had a board of four members, consisting of the three founding members and Andreas Stötzner (Leipzig). Currently the board consists of Tarrin Wills, Copenhagen (Chair), Alex Speed Kjeldsen, Copenhagen (Deputy chair), Odd Einar Haugen, Bergen and Beeke Stegmann, Iceland. Character variants In medieval texts, many special ligatures, scribal abbreviations, and letter forms existed, which are no longer a part of the Latin alphabet. As few of these characters are encoded in Unicode, ligatures have to be broken up into separate letters when digitized. Since few fonts sup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insular G
Insular G (font: Ᵹ ᵹ) is a form of the letter g somewhat resembling a tailed z, used in the medieval insular script of Great Britain and Ireland. It was first used in the Roman Empire in Roman cursive, then it appeared in Irish half uncial (insular) script, and after it had passed into Old English, it developed into the Middle English letter yogh (Ȝ ȝ). Middle English, having reborrowed the familiar Carolingian g from the Continent, began to use the two forms of g as separate letters. Letter The lowercase insular g (ᵹ) was used in Irish linguistics as a phonetic character for , and on this basis is encoded in the Phonetic Extensions block of Unicode 4.1 (March 2005) as U+1D79. Its capital (Ᵹ) was introduced in Unicode 5.1 (April 2008) at U+A77D. The insular g is one of several insular letters encoded into Unicode. Few fonts will display all of the symbols, but some will display the lowercase insular g (ᵹ) and the tironian et (⁊). Two fonts that support the other c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Script
The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used writing system in the world by number of countries using it or a script directly derived from it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and Chinese scripts). The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the Quran, the holy book of Islam. With the religion's spread, it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages still using it are: Persian (Farsi/Dari), Malay ( Jawi), Uyghur, Kurdish, Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Sindhi, Balti, Balochi, Pashto, Lurish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Rohingya, Somali and Mandinka, Mooré among others. Until the 16th century, it was also used for some Spanish texts, and—prior to the language reform in 1928—it was the writing system of Turkish. The script is written from right to left in a cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SGML
The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML; ISO 8879:1986) is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 states that generalized markup is "based on two postulates": * Declarative: Markup should describe a document's structure and other attributes rather than specify the processing that needs to be performed, because it is less likely to conflict with future developments. * Rigorous: In order to allow markup to take advantage of the techniques available for processing, markup should rigorously define objects like programs and databases. DocBook SGML and LinuxDoc are examples which used SGML tools. Standard versions SGML is an ISO standard: "ISO 8879:1986 Information processing – Text and office systems – Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)", of which there are three versions: * Original ''SGML'', which was accepted in October 1986, followed by a minor Technical Corrigendum. * ''SGML (ENR)'', in 1996, resul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basic Multilingual Plane
In the Unicode standard, a plane is a continuous group of 65,536 (216) code points. There are 17 planes, identified by the numbers 0 to 16, which corresponds with the possible values 00–1016 of the first two positions in six position hexadecimal format (U+''hhhhhh''). Plane 0 is the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), which contains most commonly used characters. The higher planes 1 through 16 are called "supplementary planes". The last code point in Unicode is the last code point in plane 16, U+10FFFF. As of Unicode version , five of the planes have assigned code points (characters), and seven are named. The limit of 17 planes is due to UTF-16, which can encode 220 code points (16 planes) as pairs of words, plus the BMP as a single word. UTF-8 was designed with a much larger limit of 231 (2,147,483,648) code points (32,768 planes), and would still be able to encode 221 (2,097,152) code points (32 planes) even under the current limit of 4 bytes. The 17 planes can accommodate 1,114,1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LaTeX
Latex is an emulsion (stable dispersion) of polymer microparticles in water. Latexes are found in nature, but synthetic latexes are common as well. In nature, latex is found as a milky fluid found in 10% of all flowering plants (angiosperms). It is a complex emulsion that coagulates on exposure to air, consisting of proteins, alkaloids, starches, sugars, oils, tannins, resins, and gums. It is usually exuded after tissue injury. In most plants, latex is white, but some have yellow, orange, or scarlet latex. Since the 17th century, latex has been used as a term for the fluid substance in plants, deriving from the Latin word for "liquid". It serves mainly as defense against herbivorous insects. Latex is not to be confused with plant sap; it is a distinct substance, separately produced, and with different functions. The word latex is also used to refer to natural latex rubber, particularly non-vulcanized rubber. Such is the case in products like latex gloves, latex condoms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TITUS Cyberbit Basic
''Bitstream Cyberbit'' is a commercial serif Unicode font designed by Bitstream Inc. It is freeware for non-commercial uses. It was one of the first widely available fonts to support a large portion of the Unicode repertoire. Cyberbit was developed by Bitstream to provide Unicode Consortium members with a large Unicode-encoded font to use for testing and development purposes. The font has 32,910 characters (29,934 glyphs) and 935 kerning pairs in v2.0 beta. The related ''Bitstream Cyberbase'' font includes a much smaller number of characters, with 1,249 glyphs and 935 kerning pairs in v1.0 beta. Bitstream no longer offers Cyberbit as a free download or as a retail product. TITUS Cyberbit ''TITUS Cyberbit Basic'' is a typeface derived from the Bitstream Cyberbit family, designed by Bitstream Inc. and the TITUS project for Unicode 4.0. Jost Gippert and Carl-Martin Bunz were the principal developers. It can be obtained for free from TITUS and is freeware for non-commerc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphabetum
Alphabetum is a commercial multilingual Unicode font (TTF, TrueType font) for ancient languages developed by Juan José Marcos. It is also the prominent title of a Latin book printed in 1772 which describes the evolution of several Indian language scripts including that of Malayalam. Alphabetum contains fonts for: *Aegean numerals *Anatolian scripts ( Lydian, Lycian, Carian, Phrygian, Sidetic) *Avestan *Brahmi * Celtiberian *Coptic (Bohairic) *Cypriot *Old Cyrillic *Old English *Middle English *Glagolitic *Gothic *Ancient Greek * Ancient Greek acrophonic numerals * Ancient Greek musical notation *Ancient Greek papyrological numbers *Hebrew * Iberian *New Testament editorial symbols * Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Faliscan, Messapic, North and South Picene) *Kharosthi *Classical Latin *Medieval Latin *Linear B *Old Nordic *Medieval Nordic *Ogham *Old Persian cuneiform * Phoenician *Runic *Sanskrit *Old Church Slavonic *Ugaritic See also * Unicode fonts * List of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caudex (typeface)
A caudex (plural: caudices) of a plant is a stem, but the term is also used to mean a rootstock and particularly a basal stem structure from which new growth arises.pages 456 and 695 In the strict sense of the term, meaning a stem, "caudex" is most often used with plants that have a different stem morphology from the typical angiosperm dicotyledon stem: examples of this include palms, ferns, and cycads. The related term caudiciform, literally meaning stem-like, is sometimes used to mean pachycaul, thick-stemmed. Etymology The term is from the Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ... ''caudex'', a noun meaning "tree trunk". See also * Stipe References External links Bihrmann's Caudiciforms''Extensive listing of caudiciforms, images for most species'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palemonas (typeface)
The Palemonids were a legendary dynasty of Grand Dukes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The legend was born in the 15th or 16th century as proof that Lithuanians and the Grand Duchy are of Roman origins. Already Jan Długosz (1415–1480) wrote that the Lithuanians were of Roman origin, but did not provide any proof. The legend is first recorded in the second edition of the Lithuanian Chronicle produced in the 1530s. At the time the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was quarrelling with the Kingdom of Poland, rejecting the claims that Poland had civilized the pagan and barbaric Lithuania. The Lithuanian nobility felt a need for the ruling dynasty to show upstanding origins, as the only available chronicles at the time were written by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy, and depicted Gediminas, ancestor of the Gediminids dynasty, as a hostler of Vytenis. In this new Lithuanian chronicle, Palemon (could be Polemon II of Pontus), a relative of Roman Emperor Nero, escaped Rome togethe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andron (typeface)
Andron ( grc, Ἄνδρων) is the name of a number of different people in classical antiquity: *Andron of Alexandria, a writer whose work entitled ''The Years'' (Χρονικὰ) is referred to by Athenaeus around the late 2nd century BCE. * of Catania, an ancient semi-legendary dancer and music composer. *Andron of Ephesus, who wrote a work on the Seven Sages of Greece, which seems to have been titled ''Tripod'' (Τρίπους). *Andron of Halicarnassus, a Greek historian who was mentioned by Plutarch in conjunction with Hellanicus. *Andron of Teos, an ancient writer, and author of a work titled ''Circumnavigation'' (Περίπλους), who is probably the same person as the one referred to by Strabo, Stephanus of Byzantium, and others. He may also have been the same as the author of ''About Affinity'' (Περὶ Συγγενειῶν). *Andron, an ancient sculptor, whose age and country are unknown. He was known to have made a statue of Harmonia, the daughter of Mars and Ven ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardo (typeface)
Bembo is a serif typeface created by the British branch of the Monotype Corporation in 1928–1929 and most commonly used for body text. It is a member of the " old-style" of serif fonts, with its regular or roman style based on a design cut around 1495 by Francesco Griffo for Venetian printer Aldus Manutius, sometimes generically called the "Aldine roman". Bembo is named for Manutius's first publication with it, a small 1496 book by the poet and cleric Pietro Bembo. The italic is based on work by Giovanni Antonio Tagliente, a calligrapher who worked as a printer in the 1520s, after the time of Manutius and Griffo. Monotype created Bembo during a period of renewed interest in the printing of the Italian Renaissance, under the influence of Monotype executive and printing historian Stanley Morison. It followed a previous more faithful revival of Manutius's work, Poliphilus, whose reputation it largely eclipsed. Monotype also created a second, much more eccentric italic for it to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
