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Mebrure Aksoley
Emine Mebrure Aksoley (10 August 1902 – 2 March 1984) was a Turkish educator, philanthropist, politician, women's rights activist, member of parliament, and senator. Early life, education, and family Emine Mebrure was born on 10 August 1902, daughter to Turkish parents Halit Sezai (Güran), a retired major of the Ottoman Army Corps of Engineers, and his spouse Fatma in Thessaloniki, then Ottoman Empire. She lived in Thessaloniki until the outbreak of Balkan Wars in 1912. The family moved then to Anatolia, and she lived in Bandırma and Alaşehir due to her father's duty in the military right after the beginning of World War I. She completed elementary school in Bandırma and middle school at İzmir High School for Girls. She completed her secondary education at Üsküdar Çamlıca High School for Girls in Istanbul. The family settled in Ankara when her father joined the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922). In 1923, she married Ahmet İhsan (Aksoley) (1899–1975 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand National Assembly Of Turkey
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( tr, ), usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament ( tr, or ''Parlamento''), is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Constitution. It was founded in Ankara on 23 April 1920 in the midst of the National Campaign. This constitution had founded its pre-government known as 1st Executive Ministers of Turkey (Commitment Deputy Committee) in May 1920. The parliament was fundamental in the efforts of '' Mareşal'' Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1st President of the Republic of Turkey, and his colleagues to found a new state out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Composition There are 600 members of parliament (deputies) who are elected for a five-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system, from 87 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara are divided into three electoral di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Higher Education
Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. It represents levels 6, 7 and 8 of the 2011 version of the International Standard Classification of Education structure. Tertiary education at a non-degree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. The right of access to higher education The right of access to higher education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. The UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 declares, in Article 13, that "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education". In Europe, Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulus (newspaper)
''Ulus'' was a Turkish newspaper published between 1934–1971 in Ankara, Turkey, with some interruptions. Naming ''Ulus'' means "nation" in Turkish. It was owned and published by the Republican People's Party (CHP) which was founded by Turkish nationalists during the Turkish War of Independence in the 1920s. History First term ''Ulus'' was founded on 29 November 1934 as a successor to ''Hakimiyet-i Milliye''. It was owned by the CHP. After the party was defeated in the 1950 elections, the new ruling party, Democrat Party decided to expropriate all property CHP owned on the ground that the property had been acquired during the single-party regime (1923–1945). On 17 December 1953, the infrastructure of the newspaper such as the building and the publishing equipment was expropriated and the newspaper was closed. Second term Although the newspaper was closed, the party still owned the royalty, but because of financial problems, ''Ulus'' could not be published for one and a ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kemalism
Kemalism ( tr, Kemalizm, also archaically ''Kamâlizm''), also known as Atatürkism ( tr, Atatürkçülük, Atatürkçü düşünce), or The Six Arrows ( tr, Altı Ok), is the founding official ideology of the Republic of Turkey.Eric J. Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History. New York, J.B. Tauris & Co ltd. page 181 Kemalism, as it was implemented by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, was defined by sweeping political, social, cultural and religious reforms designed to separate the new Turkish state from its Ottoman predecessor and embrace a Western-style modernized lifestyle,Cleveland, William L., and Martin P. Bunton. ''A History of the Modern Middle East''. Boulder: Westview, 2013. including the establishment of secularism/laicism (french: laïcité), state support of the sciences, free education, and many more. Most of those were first introduced to and implemented in Turkey during Atatürk's presidency through his reforms. Many of the root ideas of Kemalism began during the late Ottoma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Women's Rights
Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. In some countries, these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behavior, whereas in others, they are ignored and suppressed. They differ from broader notions of human rights through claims of an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls, in favor of men and boys.Hosken, Fran P., 'Towards a Definition of Women's Rights' in ''Human Rights Quarterly'', Vol. 3, No. 2. (May 1981), pp. 1–10. Issues commonly associated with notions of women's rights include the right to bodily integrity and autonomy, to be free from sexual violence, to vote, to hold public office, to enter into legal contracts, to have equal rights in family law, to work, to fair wages or equal pay, to have reproduct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1964 Turkish Senate Election
Senate elections were held in Turkey on 7 June 1964. In this election 51 members of the Senate were elected; 50 members for one-third of the Senate and one vacant seat. Results References {{Turkish elections Turkey Turkey Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ... Senate elections in Turkey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1960 Turkish Coup D'état
The 1960 Turkish coup d'état ( tr, 27 Mayıs Darbesi) was the first Turkish coup d'état, coup d'état in the Turkey, Republic of Turkey. It took place on May 27, 1960. The coup was staged by a group of 38 young Turkish Armed Forces, Turkish military officers, acting outside the military command hierarchy, chain of command. The officers were ''de facto'' led by Cemal Madanoğlu until the actual coup date. After a threat by Ragıp Gümüşpala that he would move to quell the coup unless it was led by someone with a higher military rank than himself, the officers brought in General Cemal Gürsel as their leader. The coup was carried out against the democratically elected government of the Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961), Democrat Party, and ultimately resulted in the execution of its prime minister, Adnan Menderes, alongside two of his ministers, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan. Background The incident took place at a time of both socio-political turmoil and economi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkish Grand National Assembly
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( tr, ), usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament ( tr, or ''Parlamento''), is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Constitution. It was founded in Ankara on 23 April 1920 in the midst of the National Campaign. This constitution had founded its pre-government known as 1st Executive Ministers of Turkey (Commitment Deputy Committee) in May 1920. The parliament was fundamental in the efforts of '' Mareşal'' Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1st President of the Republic of Turkey, and his colleagues to found a new state out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Composition There are 600 members of parliament (deputies) who are elected for a five-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system, from 87 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara are divided into three electoral di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
8th Parliament Of Turkey
The 8th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 21 July 1946 to 22 May 1950. There were 499 MPs in the parliament. 66 of them were the members of newly founded Democrat Party (DP) and 8 of them were independents. The rest were the members of the Republican People's Party (CHP). Main parliamentary milestones Some of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:Türkiye'nin 75 Yılı; Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul *5 August 1946 - İsmet İnönü was reelected as the President of Turkey for the fourth time *5 August 1946 – Kazım Karabekir was elected as the speaker of the parliament *5 August 1946– Recep Peker of CHP formed the 15th government of Turkey *26 December 1946– İsmet İnönü acted as a mediator between the two parties and DP which was boycotting the parliament agreed to participate in the parliament *9 September 1947 – Hasan Saka of CHP formed the 16th government of Turkey *18 June 1948 – Hasan Saka formed the 17th govern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
7th Parliament Of Turkey
The 7th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 28 February 1943 to 5 August 1946. There were 492 MPs in the parliament, all of which were the members of the Republican People's Party (CHP). But towards the end of the term some issued from CHP to form Democrat Party (DP) Main parliamentary milestones Some of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:Türkiye'nin 75 Yılı; Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul *8 March 1943- İsmet İnönü was reelected as the President of Turkey for the third time. *9 March 1943 –Şükrü Saracoğlu of CHP formed the 14th government of Turkey. *2 August 1944- The parliament decided to suspend Turco-German relations *10 January 1945 –''Law 4695'': The text of the constitution was revised to replace non Turkish words with the Turkish equivalents. *10 January 1945 – ''Law 4696'' Four Arabic month names were changed to Turkish month names. *23 February – Parliament approved declaration of war to Germany and Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1935 Turkish General Election
General elections were held in Turkey on 8 February 1935.Myron E. Weiner, Ergun Özbudun (1987) ''Competitive Elections in Developing Countries'', Duke University Press, p337 The Republican People's Party was the only party in the country at the time. Electoral system The elections were held under the Ottoman electoral law passed in 1908, which provided for a two-stage process. In the first stage, voters elected secondary electors (one for the first 750 voters in a constituency, then one for every additional 500 voters). In the second stage the secondary electors elected the members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.Weiner & Özbudun, p334 Following a change in the law in 1934, women were granted the right to vote and run for election, and the age of voting was raised from 18 to 22. See also * Women in Turkish politics Women in Turkey have an active participation in national politics, and the number of women in the Turkish parliament has been increasing steadil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1939 Erzincan Earthquake
The 1939 Erzincan earthquake struck eastern Turkey at with a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (''Extreme''). It was the second most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey, after the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake. This was one of the largest in a sequence of violent shocks to affect Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault between 1939 and 1999. Surface rupturing, with a horizontal displacement of up to 3.7 meters, occurred in a 360 km long segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The earthquake was the most severe natural loss of life in Turkey in the 20th century, with 32,968 dead, and some 100,000 injured. Preface The North Anatolian Fault in Asia Minor is a major transform fault boundary where the Eurasian Plate slides past the smaller Anatolian Microplate. Running for over 1,600 km, the fault stretches from Eastern Turkey to the Sea of Marmara. The North Anatolian fault has been, and remains very active. Erzincan has been destroyed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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