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March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic Referendum
A referendum on creating an Islamic Republic was held in Iran on 30 and 31 March 1979. Although some groups objected to the wording and choice and boycotted the referendum, it was approved by 98.2% of eligible citizens, according to official results. No group campaigned for a no vote in the referendum. In order to include the Iranian youth who participated in the revolution, the voting age was lowered from 18 to 16. Following this victory, the 1906 constitution was declared invalid and a new constitution for an Islamic state was created and ratified by another referendum in December 1979. Party policies Alternative wordings proposed When the authorities were preparing to prescribe a name for future political system, the parties called for a referendum open to give third choices, other than monarchy and Islamic Republic. Some of the names suggested were: * "Islamic Republic of Iran", by Islamic Republican Party * "People's Republic of Iran", by leftists * "Democratic Republ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interim Government Of Iran
The Interim Government of Iran ( fa, دولت موقت ايران, Dowlat-e Movaqat-e Irân) was the first government established in Iran after the Iranian Revolution. The regime was headed by Mehdi Bazargan, one of the members of the Freedom Movement of Iran, and formed on the order of Ruhollah Khomeini (known as the Ayatollah Khomeini) on 4 February 1979. From 4 to 11 February, Bazargan and Shapour Bakhtiar, the Shah's last Prime Minister, both claimed to be the legitimate prime minister; Bakhtiar fled on 11 February. Mehdi Bazargan was the prime minister of the interim government and introduced a seven-member cabinet on 14 February 1979. Ebrahim Yazdi was elected as the Foreign Minister. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran was adopted by referendum on 24 October 1979. Before it could come into force on 3 December 1979, however, the government resigned on 6 November soon after the taking over of the American embassy. The Council of the Islamic Revolution the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nation Party Of Iran
Party of the Iranian Nation (or Nation Party of Iran, Iran Nation Party; fa, حزب ملت ایران, Ḥezb-e Mellat-e Irān) is "a small opposition" party in Iran advocating establishment of a secular democracy. Although the party is technically illegal, it still operates inside Iran.Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Iran: Update to IRN28431.E of 23 December 1997on the Nation of Iran Party ("Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran", the National Front, the Iranian Nation Party, the Iranian National Party, Party of the People of Iran), and the deaths of Dariush (Daryush) and Paravaneh (Paravanah) Foruhar (Forouhar, Forohar), 1 February 2000, IRN33708.E, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad5320.html ccessed 29 October 2016 Founded in 1951 by Dariush Forouhar, the party had a few hundred members, mostly high-school students, and was a member of National Front until the Iranian Revolution, however it did not carry much weight in the leadership of the front. The party pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voting Booth
A voting booth or polling booth (in British English) is a room or cabin in a polling station where voters are able to cast their vote in private to protect the secrecy of the ballot. Commonly the entrance to the voting booth is a retractable curtain. Usually access to the voting booth is restricted to a single person, with exceptions for voters requiring assistance. The booths aren't in all states but some, as others use a form of mailing. Voting machine A voting machine is a machine used to record votes in an election without paper. The first voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use '' electronic voting machines''. Traditionally, a voting machine has been defi ...s generally use either a voting booth or some other form of privacy cover to obscure voters from the view of others. See also * Polling station References External links * * Political terminology Voting Polling places {{Election-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Washington Post
''The Washington Post'' (also known as the ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'') is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area and has a large national audience. Daily broadsheet editions are printed for D.C., Maryland, and Virginia. The ''Post'' was founded in 1877. In its early years, it went through several owners and struggled both financially and editorially. Financier Eugene Meyer (financier), Eugene Meyer purchased it out of bankruptcy in 1933 and revived its health and reputation, work continued by his successors Katharine Graham, Katharine and Phil Graham (Meyer's daughter and son-in-law), who bought out several rival publications. The ''Post'' 1971 printing of the Pentagon Papers helped spur opposition to the Vietnam War. Subsequently, in the best-known episode in the newspaper's history, reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein led the American press's investigation into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Election Monitoring
Election monitoring involves the observation of an election by one or more independent parties, typically from another country or from a non-governmental organization (NGO). The monitoring parties aim primarily to assess the conduct of an election process on the basis of national legislation and of international election standards. There are national and international election observers. Monitors do not directly prevent electoral fraud, but rather record and report instances of suspicious practices. Election observation increasingly looks at the entire electoral process over a long period of time, rather than at election-day proceedings only. The legitimacy of an election can be affected by the criticism of monitors, unless they are themselves seen as biased. A notable individual is often appointed honorary leader of a monitoring organization in an effort to enhance legitimacy of the monitoring process. History The first monitored election was that of an 1857 plebiscite in Molda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Association Of Democratic Lawyers
International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL) is an international organization of left-wing and progressive jurists' associations with sections and members in 50 countries and territories. Along with facilitating contact and exchange of views between and among lawyers and lawyers' associations of all countries, the IADL works to conduct research on legal issues affecting human, political and economic rights, organizes international commissions of enquiry and conferences on legal and judicial concerns, and takes part in international legal observer missions. Through its activities the Association works as a recognized consultative organization with the United Nations through ECOSOC, UNESCO and UNICEF. History The Association was founded in Paris in 1946. The IADL soon became Communist-controlled and the United States became especially aggravated at IADL claims that they had documented proof of the US dropping poisoned mosquitos on North Koreans and mass-torturing civilians d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iranian Islamic Republic Referendum, March 1979
A referendum on creating an Islamic Republic was held in Iran on 30 and 31 March 1979. Although some groups objected to the wording and choice and boycotted the referendum, it was approved by 98.2% of eligible citizens, according to official results. No group campaigned for a no vote in the referendum. In order to include the Iranian youth who participated in the revolution, the voting age was lowered from 18 to 16. Following this victory, the 1906 constitution was declared invalid and a new constitution for an Islamic state was created and ratified by another referendum in December 1979. Party policies Alternative wordings proposed When the authorities were preparing to prescribe a name for future political system, the parties called for a referendum open to give third choices, other than monarchy and Islamic Republic. Some of the names suggested were: * "Islamic Republic of Iran", by Islamic Republican Party * "People's Republic of Iran", by leftists * "Democratic Repu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iranian Nationalism
Iranian nationalismPersian: ملیگرایی ایرانی Baloch: راج دوستی ایرانی Kurdish: نەتەوە پەروەریی ئێرانی Gilaki: ایجانایی ایرانی Azerbaijani: İran millətçiliyi Turkmen: Eýranyň milletçiligi Arabic: القومية الإيرانية refers to nationalism among the people of Iran and individuals whose national identity is Iranian. Iranian nationalism consists of political and social movements and sentiments prompted by a love for Iranian culture, Iranian languages and history, and a sense of pride in Iran and Iranian people. Whilst national consciousness in Iran can be traced back for centuries, nationalism has been a predominant determinant of Iranian attitudes mainly since the 20th century. Modern Iranian nationalism rose during the constitutional revolution. There began a refreshing atmosphere of unity and Iranian patriotic sentiments during the constitutional era. During the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979), I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruhollah Khomeini
Ruhollah Khomeini, Ayatollah Khomeini, Imam Khomeini ( , ; ; 17 May 1900 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian political and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989. He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which saw the overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the end of the Persian monarchy. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's first supreme leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. Most of his period in power was taken up by the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988. He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on 4 June 1989. Khomeini was born in Khomeyn, in what is now Iran's Markazi province. His father was murdered in 1903 when Khomeini was two years old. He began studying the Quran and Arabic from a young age and was assiste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Komala Party Of Iranian Kurdistan
The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan ( ku, , Komełey Şorrişgêrrî Zehmetkêşanî Kurdistanî Êran, lit=Society of Revolutionary Toilers of Iranian Kurdistan), commonly shortened to Komalah ( ku, Komełe; fa, کومله), is a social-democratic ethnic party of Kurds in Iran. Formerly with Marxist-Leninist and communist ties, the Komalah is a well established party with a history of more than five decades. The Komala party's headquarters are presently in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. They have an armed wing that has a history of leading the Kurdish resistance. The Komalah advocates for anti-imperialism and Kurdish self-determination. The group is classified as a terrorist organization by Iran and Japan. Since 2018, it is a registered lobby in the United States. Komala has been engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Iranian government, notably during the 1979 Kurdish rebellion and the Iran–Iraq War. It was also involved in armed conflict against the Democratic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democratic Party Of Iranian Kurdistan
The Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI; ku, حیزبی دێموکراتی کوردستانی ئێران, Hîzbî Dêmukratî Kurdistanî Êran, HDKA; fa, حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران, Ḥezb-e Demokrāt-e Kordestān-e Īrān), also known as the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), is an armed leftist ethnic party of Kurds in Iran, exiled in northern Iraq. It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly. The group calls for self-determination of Kurdish people and has been described as seeking either separatism or autonomy within a federal system. Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This included the 1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency, its 1989–1996 insurgency and recent clashes in 2016. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps officials have called the party a terrorist organization. Hyeran Jo of Texas A&M University classifies KDPI as "compliant rebels", i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organization Of Struggle For The Emancipation Of The Working Class
The Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class ( fa, سازمان پیکار در راه آزادی طبقه کارگر, Sāzmān-e peykār dar rāh-e āzādī-e ṭabaqa-ye kārgar), or simply Peykar ( fa, پيکار, lit=struggle), also known by the earlier name Marxist Mojahedin, was a splinter group from the People's Mojahedin of Iran (PMOI/MEK). Members associated with it declared that they no longer self-identify as Muslims but rather only believe in Marxism–Leninism. They subsequently started an intragroup conflict with other MEK members who refused to join it (on the grounds that they still believed in Islam) and tried to purge the group in order to make it purely Marxist. Originating in 1972 and officially founded in 1975, by the early 1980s Peykar was no longer considered active. Peykar was considered "the most extreme" among all Iranian communist groups active at the time. Peykar was subsequently suppressed and through imprisonment and executi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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