Macro-Andean

	Macro-Andean Macro-Andean is a speculative proposal by Kaufman (2007) linking languages of the northern Andes. Kaufman (1990) found lexical support for proposals linking the Jivaro–Cahuapanan families as suggested by Swadesh and others. By 2007 he had tentatively added Saparo–Yawan, which is itself provisional, and Bora–Witoto. Languages Kaufman (2007) posits the following membership. The unclassified languages Urarina, Puelche, Sabela, Taushiro, Omurano are included in the Kawapanan and Yawan branches. * Hivaro–Kawapánan Kawapánan ( Chayawita, Hevero, Urarina The Urarina are an indigenous people of the Peruvian Amazon Basin ( Loreto) who inhabit the valleys of the Chambira, Urituyacu, and Corrientes Rivers. According to both archaeological and historical sources, they have resided in the Chambira ..., Puelche) Hivaro * Sáparo–Yawan Sáparo Yawan ( Peva–Yawan, Sabela, Taushiro, Omurano) * Bora–Witotoan (including Andoque within Witotoan) Ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Macro-Jibaro Languages The Macro-Jibaro proposal, also known as ''(Macro-)Andean'', is a language proposal of Morris Swadesh and other historical linguists. The two families, Jivaroan and Cahuapanan are most frequently linked, the isolates less often. Documentation of Urarina is underway as of 2006, but Puelche and Huarpe are extinct. Kaufman (1994) linked Huarpe instead to the Muran languages and Matanawi (see Macro-Warpean), but as of 1990 found the Jibaro–Cahuapanan connection plausible. It forms one part of his expanded 2007 suggestion for Macro-Andean.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), ''Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition)'', 59–94. London: Routledge. David Payne (1981) proposes that Candoshi Candoshi-Shapra (also known as Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, and Murato) is an indigenous American language isolate, spoken by several thousand people in western South America along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Bora–Witoto Languages Bora–Witóto (also Bora–Huitoto, Bora–Uitoto, or, ambiguously, Witotoan) is a proposal to unite the Boran and Witotoan language families of southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department) and neighboring regions of Peru and Brazil. Kaufman (1994) added the Andoque language. Family division Boran Witotoan (or Witoto–Ocaina) Kaufman (1994) lists Bóran and Witótoan (Huitoto–Ocaina) as separate families (they are grouped together with Andoque as ''Bora–Witótoan''; by 2007 he moved Andoque to Witotoan). Genetic relations Aschmann (1993) proposed Bora–Witoto as a connection between the Boran and Witotoan language families. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection. Kaufman (2007) includes Bora-Witoto in his Macro-Andean proposal, and added the Andoque language to the Witotoan family.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), ''Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition)'', 59–94. London: Routledge. (Aschma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Jivaroan Languages The Chicham languages, also known as Jivaroan (''Hívaro'', ''Jívaro'', ''Jibaro'') is a small language family of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador. Family division Chicham consists of 4 languages: : 1. Shuar : 2. Achuar-Shiwiar : 3. Awajun : 4. Huambisa This language family is spoken in Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto, and San Martin, Peru and the Oriente region of Ecuador. Mason (1950) Internal classification of the Chicham languages by Mason (1950): Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília. († = extinct) ;Jivaro '' Aguaruna'' '' Palta'' † Jivaro, Nuclear ''Achuar-Shiwiar'' '' Wambisa'' ''Shuar'' Genetic relations The extinct Palta language was classified as Chicham by Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño about 1940 and was followed by Čestmír Loukotka. However, only a few words are known, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Saparo–Yawan Languages Saparo–Yawan (Zaparo–Yaguan, Zaparo–Peba) is a language family proposal uniting two small language families of the western Amazon. It was first proposed by Swadesh (1954), and continues through Payne (1984) and Kaufman (1994).Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. Links There are also four language isolates and otherwise unclassified languages which have been indirectly linked to Saparo–Yawan, and for convenience they are included here. Tovar (1984) proposed a connection between Zaparoan and the otherwise unclassified Taushiro; Stark (1985) and Gordon (2005) see a connection with the extinct Omurano language. The extinct Awishiri and the Candoshi isolate have lexical similarities with Taushiro, Omurano, and each other; however, the four languages also have lexical similarities with Zaparoan, Jivaroan, and Arawakan. These six languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Chayahuita Language Chayahuita is an endangered Amazonian language spoken by thousands of native Chayahuita people in the Amazon basin of north-central Peru. Spoken along the banks of the Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay, and Shanusi rivers, it is also known as Chayawita, Shawi, Chawi, Tshaahui, Chayhuita, Chayabita, Shayabit, Balsapuertino, Paranapura, and Cahuapa. There is a 1–5% literacy rate, compared with 5–15% for Spanish, and a dictionary since 1978. It can not be understood by Jebero speakers although there is some overlap in vocabulary, especially some Quechua Quechua may refer to: Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language So ... terms. Phonology Vocabulary Selected Shawi animal names from Rojas-Berscia (2019):Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel. 2019. From Kawapanan to Shawi: Topics in language variation and ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Andoque Language Andoque is a language spoken by a few hundred Andoque people in Colombia, and is in decline. There were 10,000 speakers in 1908, down to 370 a century later, of which at most 50 are monolingual. The remaining speakers live in the area of the Anduche River, downstream from Araracuara Airport, Araracuara, Solano, Caquetá, Colombia; the language is no longer spoken in Peru. Most speakers language shift, shifted to Spanish. Classification Andoque may be related to the extinct Urequena language (also ''Urekena'' or ''Arequena'') which is known only from a single 19th century wordlist. Kaufman's (2007) ''Bora–Witótoan stock'' includes Andoque in the Witótoan family, but other linguists, such as Richard Aschmann, consider Andoque an isolate. Phonology Vowels Landaburu (2000) reports nine oral vowels and six nasal vowels. Consonants The phoneme // is represented Orthography, orthographically as and the phoneme /j/ is written . Tone Andoque vowels have one of two phonol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Peba–Yaguan Languages The Peba–Yaguan language family (also Yaguan, Peban, Yáwan) is located in the northwestern Amazon, but today Yagua is the only remaining spoken language of the family. Internal structure Paul Rivet had suggested that the Peba–Yaguan family divided into two branches, with Yameo in one branch, and Peba and Yagua in the other. There is extremely little documentation of Yameo and Peba, both of which are now extinct, though the town Pebas on the Amazon River clearly takes its name from this group of people. The available documentation is largely due to the efforts of early Catholic missionaries, summarized by Paul Rivet. Loukotka (1968) also lists Masamae (Mazán, Parara), spoken the Mazán River in Loreto Department, Peru. It is most closely related to Yameo. Jolkesky (2016) groups Peba and Yameo in one branch, and Yagua in another separate branch.Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas'. Ph.D. dissertati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Zaparoan Languages Zaparoan (also Sáparoan, Záparo, Zaparoano, Zaparoana) is an endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with fewer than 100 speakers. Zaparoan speakers seem to have been very numerous before the arrival of the Europeans. However, their groups have been decimated by imported diseases and warfare, and only a handful of them have survived. Languages There were 39 Zaparoan-speaking tribes at the beginning of the 20th century, every one of them presumably using its own distinctive language or dialect. Most of them have become extinct before being recorded, however, and we have information only about nine of them. * Zaparo group Záparo–Conambo * Záparo (a few speakers left) * Conambo † Arabela–Andoa * Arabela (50 speakers) * Andoa † * Iquito–Cahuarano Iquito (35 speakers) Cahuarano † * Unclassified Aushiri † ? Omurano † Aushiri and Omurano are included by Stark (1985). Aushiri is generally accepted as Zaparoan, but Omurano rema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Jebero Language Jebero (Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) is a moribund Amazonian language spoken by the Jebero people of Jeberos, Peru. It is spoken by only a small number of older adults and belongs to the Cahuapanan family together with Chayahuita. Phonology Vowels * varies between close front unrounded , near-close front unrounded and close-mid front unrounded . * varies between near-close near-front rounded and close-mid back weakly rounded , with the latter realization being the most usual. * varies between mid near-front unrounded and close-mid central unrounded . is shorter than the other vowels, particularly between voiceless consonants. The sequence is sometimes realized as a syllabic . * varies between open central unrounded and near-open retracted front . The vowel chart in puts in the near-open central position . ** In closed syllables, is realized as open-mid central unrounded . Consonants * are bilabial, whereas is labialized velar. * is an affricate, rath ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Omurano Language Omurano is an unclassified language from Peru. It is also known as Humurana, Roamaina, Numurana, Umurano, and Mayna. The language was presumed to have become extinct by 1958, but in 2011 a rememberer was found who knew some 20 words in Omurano; he claimed that there were still people who could speak it. It was spoken near the Urituyacu River (a tributary of the Marañón River), or on the Nucuray River according to Loukotka (1968). Classification Tovar (1961) linked Omurano to Taushiro (and later Taushiro with Kandoshi); Kaufman (1994) finds the links reasonable, and in 2007 he classified Omurano and Taushiro (but not Kandoshi) as Saparo–Yawan languages. Maynas, once mistaken for a synonym, is a separate language. Despite there being previous proposals linking Omurano with Zaparoan, de Carvalho (2013) finds no evidence that Omurano is related to Zaparoan.de Carvalho. 2013. On Záparoan as a valid genetic unity: Preliminary correspondences and the status of Omurano. ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Cahuapanan Languages The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is almost extinct. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Arawak, Kandoshi, Pukina, and Karib language families due to contact. Varieties * Chayahuita or Chawi (also known or rendered as Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Chayabita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Tshaahui, Paranapura, Shayabit) Chayahuita dialect Cahuapana dialect * Jebero (also known or rendered as Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) ''Glottolog'' classifies the extinct language Maynas as close to Chawi. Other Cahuapanan varieties that are listed by Loukotka (1968): Yamorai - spoken on the Sillai River in Loreto Department Ataguate - extinct language of the same region, once spoken on the Aipena River and around Lake Atagua (unattest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Taushiro Language Taushiro, also known as Pinche or Pinchi, is a nearly extinct possible language isolate of the Peruvian Amazon near Ecuador. In 2000 SIL counted one speaker in an ethnic population of 20. Documentation was done in the mid-1970s by Neftalí Alicea. The last living speaker of Taushiro, Amadeo García García, was profiled in ''The New York Times'' in 2017. The first glossary of Taushiro contained 200 words and was collected by Daniel Velie in 1971. Classification Following Tovar (1961), Loukotka (1968), and Tovar (1984), Kaufman (1994) notes that while Taushiro has been linked to the Zaparoan languages, it shares greater lexical correspondences with Kandoshi and especially with Omurano. In 2007 he classified Taushiro and Omurano (but not Kandoshi) as Saparo–Yawan languages. Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Tequiraca and Leco. Grammar Word order in Taushiro is Verb–subject–object.Alicea, Neftalí. 1975. ''Análisis preliminar de la g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]

	Macro-Andean Macro-Andean is a speculative proposal by Kaufman (2007) linking languages of the northern Andes. Kaufman (1990) found lexical support for proposals linking the Jivaro–Cahuapanan families as suggested by Swadesh and others. By 2007 he had tentatively added Saparo–Yawan, which is itself provisional, and Bora–Witoto. Languages Kaufman (2007) posits the following membership. The unclassified languages Urarina, Puelche, Sabela, Taushiro, Omurano are included in the Kawapanan and Yawan branches. * Hivaro–Kawapánan Kawapánan ( Chayawita, Hevero, Urarina The Urarina are an indigenous people of the Peruvian Amazon Basin ( Loreto) who inhabit the valleys of the Chambira, Urituyacu, and Corrientes Rivers. According to both archaeological and historical sources, they have resided in the Chambira ..., Puelche) Hivaro * Sáparo–Yawan Sáparo Yawan ( Peva–Yawan, Sabela, Taushiro, Omurano) * Bora–Witotoan (including Andoque within Witotoan) Ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Macro-Jibaro Languages The Macro-Jibaro proposal, also known as ''(Macro-)Andean'', is a language proposal of Morris Swadesh and other historical linguists. The two families, Jivaroan and Cahuapanan are most frequently linked, the isolates less often. Documentation of Urarina is underway as of 2006, but Puelche and Huarpe are extinct. Kaufman (1994) linked Huarpe instead to the Muran languages and Matanawi (see Macro-Warpean), but as of 1990 found the Jibaro–Cahuapanan connection plausible. It forms one part of his expanded 2007 suggestion for Macro-Andean.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), ''Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition)'', 59–94. London: Routledge. David Payne (1981) proposes that Candoshi Candoshi-Shapra (also known as Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, and Murato) is an indigenous American language isolate, spoken by several thousand people in western South America along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Bora–Witoto Languages Bora–Witóto (also Bora–Huitoto, Bora–Uitoto, or, ambiguously, Witotoan) is a proposal to unite the Boran and Witotoan language families of southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department) and neighboring regions of Peru and Brazil. Kaufman (1994) added the Andoque language. Family division Boran Witotoan (or Witoto–Ocaina) Kaufman (1994) lists Bóran and Witótoan (Huitoto–Ocaina) as separate families (they are grouped together with Andoque as ''Bora–Witótoan''; by 2007 he moved Andoque to Witotoan). Genetic relations Aschmann (1993) proposed Bora–Witoto as a connection between the Boran and Witotoan language families. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection. Kaufman (2007) includes Bora-Witoto in his Macro-Andean proposal, and added the Andoque language to the Witotoan family.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), ''Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition)'', 59–94. London: Routledge. (Aschma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Jivaroan Languages The Chicham languages, also known as Jivaroan (''Hívaro'', ''Jívaro'', ''Jibaro'') is a small language family of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador. Family division Chicham consists of 4 languages: : 1. Shuar : 2. Achuar-Shiwiar : 3. Awajun : 4. Huambisa This language family is spoken in Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto, and San Martin, Peru and the Oriente region of Ecuador. Mason (1950) Internal classification of the Chicham languages by Mason (1950): Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília. († = extinct) ;Jivaro '' Aguaruna'' '' Palta'' † Jivaro, Nuclear ''Achuar-Shiwiar'' '' Wambisa'' ''Shuar'' Genetic relations The extinct Palta language was classified as Chicham by Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño about 1940 and was followed by Čestmír Loukotka. However, only a few words are known, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Saparo–Yawan Languages Saparo–Yawan (Zaparo–Yaguan, Zaparo–Peba) is a language family proposal uniting two small language families of the western Amazon. It was first proposed by Swadesh (1954), and continues through Payne (1984) and Kaufman (1994).Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. Links There are also four language isolates and otherwise unclassified languages which have been indirectly linked to Saparo–Yawan, and for convenience they are included here. Tovar (1984) proposed a connection between Zaparoan and the otherwise unclassified Taushiro; Stark (1985) and Gordon (2005) see a connection with the extinct Omurano language. The extinct Awishiri and the Candoshi isolate have lexical similarities with Taushiro, Omurano, and each other; however, the four languages also have lexical similarities with Zaparoan, Jivaroan, and Arawakan. These six languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Chayahuita Language Chayahuita is an endangered Amazonian language spoken by thousands of native Chayahuita people in the Amazon basin of north-central Peru. Spoken along the banks of the Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay, and Shanusi rivers, it is also known as Chayawita, Shawi, Chawi, Tshaahui, Chayhuita, Chayabita, Shayabit, Balsapuertino, Paranapura, and Cahuapa. There is a 1–5% literacy rate, compared with 5–15% for Spanish, and a dictionary since 1978. It can not be understood by Jebero speakers although there is some overlap in vocabulary, especially some Quechua Quechua may refer to: Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language So ... terms. Phonology Vocabulary Selected Shawi animal names from Rojas-Berscia (2019):Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel. 2019. From Kawapanan to Shawi: Topics in language variation and ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Andoque Language Andoque is a language spoken by a few hundred Andoque people in Colombia, and is in decline. There were 10,000 speakers in 1908, down to 370 a century later, of which at most 50 are monolingual. The remaining speakers live in the area of the Anduche River, downstream from Araracuara Airport, Araracuara, Solano, Caquetá, Colombia; the language is no longer spoken in Peru. Most speakers language shift, shifted to Spanish. Classification Andoque may be related to the extinct Urequena language (also ''Urekena'' or ''Arequena'') which is known only from a single 19th century wordlist. Kaufman's (2007) ''Bora–Witótoan stock'' includes Andoque in the Witótoan family, but other linguists, such as Richard Aschmann, consider Andoque an isolate. Phonology Vowels Landaburu (2000) reports nine oral vowels and six nasal vowels. Consonants The phoneme // is represented Orthography, orthographically as and the phoneme /j/ is written . Tone Andoque vowels have one of two phonol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Peba–Yaguan Languages The Peba–Yaguan language family (also Yaguan, Peban, Yáwan) is located in the northwestern Amazon, but today Yagua is the only remaining spoken language of the family. Internal structure Paul Rivet had suggested that the Peba–Yaguan family divided into two branches, with Yameo in one branch, and Peba and Yagua in the other. There is extremely little documentation of Yameo and Peba, both of which are now extinct, though the town Pebas on the Amazon River clearly takes its name from this group of people. The available documentation is largely due to the efforts of early Catholic missionaries, summarized by Paul Rivet. Loukotka (1968) also lists Masamae (Mazán, Parara), spoken the Mazán River in Loreto Department, Peru. It is most closely related to Yameo. Jolkesky (2016) groups Peba and Yameo in one branch, and Yagua in another separate branch.Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas'. Ph.D. dissertati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Zaparoan Languages Zaparoan (also Sáparoan, Záparo, Zaparoano, Zaparoana) is an endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with fewer than 100 speakers. Zaparoan speakers seem to have been very numerous before the arrival of the Europeans. However, their groups have been decimated by imported diseases and warfare, and only a handful of them have survived. Languages There were 39 Zaparoan-speaking tribes at the beginning of the 20th century, every one of them presumably using its own distinctive language or dialect. Most of them have become extinct before being recorded, however, and we have information only about nine of them. * Zaparo group Záparo–Conambo * Záparo (a few speakers left) * Conambo † Arabela–Andoa * Arabela (50 speakers) * Andoa † * Iquito–Cahuarano Iquito (35 speakers) Cahuarano † * Unclassified Aushiri † ? Omurano † Aushiri and Omurano are included by Stark (1985). Aushiri is generally accepted as Zaparoan, but Omurano rema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Jebero Language Jebero (Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) is a moribund Amazonian language spoken by the Jebero people of Jeberos, Peru. It is spoken by only a small number of older adults and belongs to the Cahuapanan family together with Chayahuita. Phonology Vowels * varies between close front unrounded , near-close front unrounded and close-mid front unrounded . * varies between near-close near-front rounded and close-mid back weakly rounded , with the latter realization being the most usual. * varies between mid near-front unrounded and close-mid central unrounded . is shorter than the other vowels, particularly between voiceless consonants. The sequence is sometimes realized as a syllabic . * varies between open central unrounded and near-open retracted front . The vowel chart in puts in the near-open central position . ** In closed syllables, is realized as open-mid central unrounded . Consonants * are bilabial, whereas is labialized velar. * is an affricate, rath ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Omurano Language Omurano is an unclassified language from Peru. It is also known as Humurana, Roamaina, Numurana, Umurano, and Mayna. The language was presumed to have become extinct by 1958, but in 2011 a rememberer was found who knew some 20 words in Omurano; he claimed that there were still people who could speak it. It was spoken near the Urituyacu River (a tributary of the Marañón River), or on the Nucuray River according to Loukotka (1968). Classification Tovar (1961) linked Omurano to Taushiro (and later Taushiro with Kandoshi); Kaufman (1994) finds the links reasonable, and in 2007 he classified Omurano and Taushiro (but not Kandoshi) as Saparo–Yawan languages. Maynas, once mistaken for a synonym, is a separate language. Despite there being previous proposals linking Omurano with Zaparoan, de Carvalho (2013) finds no evidence that Omurano is related to Zaparoan.de Carvalho. 2013. On Záparoan as a valid genetic unity: Preliminary correspondences and the status of Omurano. ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Cahuapanan Languages The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is almost extinct. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Arawak, Kandoshi, Pukina, and Karib language families due to contact. Varieties * Chayahuita or Chawi (also known or rendered as Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Chayabita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Tshaahui, Paranapura, Shayabit) Chayahuita dialect Cahuapana dialect * Jebero (also known or rendered as Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) ''Glottolog'' classifies the extinct language Maynas as close to Chawi. Other Cahuapanan varieties that are listed by Loukotka (1968): Yamorai - spoken on the Sillai River in Loreto Department Ataguate - extinct language of the same region, once spoken on the Aipena River and around Lake Atagua (unattest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Taushiro Language Taushiro, also known as Pinche or Pinchi, is a nearly extinct possible language isolate of the Peruvian Amazon near Ecuador. In 2000 SIL counted one speaker in an ethnic population of 20. Documentation was done in the mid-1970s by Neftalí Alicea. The last living speaker of Taushiro, Amadeo García García, was profiled in ''The New York Times'' in 2017. The first glossary of Taushiro contained 200 words and was collected by Daniel Velie in 1971. Classification Following Tovar (1961), Loukotka (1968), and Tovar (1984), Kaufman (1994) notes that while Taushiro has been linked to the Zaparoan languages, it shares greater lexical correspondences with Kandoshi and especially with Omurano. In 2007 he classified Taushiro and Omurano (but not Kandoshi) as Saparo–Yawan languages. Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Tequiraca and Leco. Grammar Word order in Taushiro is Verb–subject–object.Alicea, Neftalí. 1975. ''Análisis preliminar de la g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]