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MAPK14
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, also called p38-α, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPK14'' gene. MAPK14 encodes p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) which is the prototypic member of the p38 MAPK family. p38 MAPKs are also known as stress-activated serine/threonine-specific kinases (SAPKs). In addition to MAPK14 for p38α MAPK, the p38 MAPK family has three additional members, including MAPK11, MAPK12 and MAPK13 which encodes p38β MAPK, p38γ MAPK and p38δ MAPK isoforms, respectively. p38α MAPK was originally identified as a tyrosine phosphorylated protein detected in activated immune cell macrophages with an essential role in inflammatory cytokine induction, such as Tumor Necrotic Factor α (TNFα). However, p38α MAPK mediated kinase activity has been implicated in many tissues beyond immune systems. p38α MAPK is mainly activated through MAPK kinase kinase cascades and exerts its biological function via downstream substrate phosphorylati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Far Upstream Element-binding Protein 1
Far upstream element-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FUBP1'' gene. This gene encodes a ssDNA binding protein that activates the far upstream element (FUSE) of c-myc and stimulates expression of c-myc in undifferentiated cells. Regulation of FUSE by FUBP occurs through single-strand binding of FUBP to the non-coding strand. This protein has been shown to function as an ATP-dependent DNA helicase. Interactions Far upstream element-binding protein 1 has been shown to interact with MAPK14 and SMN1. Clinical Significance FUBP1 gene deletion forms part of the 1p/19q codeletion mutation seen in oligodendroglioma Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell. They occur primarily in adults (9.4% of all primary brain and central nervous system tumors) but are also ..., a form of primary brain tumour. CIC gene is also lost in the 1p/19q codeletion mutation. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DUSP1
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''DUSP1'' gene. Function The expression of DUSP1 gene is induced in human skin fibroblasts by oxidative/heat stress and growth factors. It specifies a protein with structural features similar to members of the non-receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase family, and which has significant amino-acid sequence similarity to a Tyr/Ser-protein phosphatase encoded by the late gene H1 of vaccinia virus. The bacterially expressed and purified DUSP1 protein has intrinsic phosphatase activity, and specifically inactivates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in vitro by the concomitant dephosphorylation of both its phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine residues. Furthermore, it suppresses the activation of MAP kinase by oncogenic ras in extracts of Xenopus oocytes. Thus, DUSP1 may play an important role in the human cellular response to environmental stress as well as in the negative regulation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DUSP16
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 16 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''DUSP16'' gene. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades transduces various extracellular signals to the nucleus to induce gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. For full activation of MAPKs, dual-specificity kinases phosphorylate both threonine and tyrosine residues in MAPK TXY motifs. MKPs are dual-specificity phosphatases that dephosphorylate the TXY motif, thereby negatively regulating MAPK activity. upplied by OMIMref name="entrez" /> Interactions DUSP16 has been shown to interact with MAPK14 and MAPK8IP1 C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPK8IP1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a regulator of the pancreatic beta-cell function. It is highly similar to JIP-1, a mouse protein .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * External link ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DUSP10
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''DUSP10'' gene. Dual specificity protein phosphatases inactivate their target kinases by dephosphorylating both the phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine residues. They negatively regulate members of the MAPK superfamily (MAPK/ERK, SAPK/JNK, p38), which is associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation. Different members of this family of dual specificity phosphatases show distinct substrate specificities for MAPKs, different tissue distribution and subcellular localization, and different modes of inducibility of their expression by extracellular stimuli. This gene product binds to and inactivates p38 and SAPK/JNK, but not MAPK/ERK. Its subcellular localization is unique; it is evenly distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. This gene is widely expressed in various tissues and organs, and its expression is elevated by stress stimuli. Three transcript variants encoding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casein Kinase 2, Alpha 1
Casein kinase II subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CSNK2A1'' gene. Casein kinase II is a Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, serine/threonine protein kinase that Phosphorylation, phosphorylates acidic proteins such as casein. The kinase exists as a tetramer and is composed of an alpha, an alpha-prime, and two beta subunits. The alpha subunits contain the catalytic activity while the beta subunits undergo autophosphorylation. The protein encoded by this gene represents the alpha subunit. While this gene is found on chromosome 20, a related transcribed pseudogene is found on chromosome 11. Three transcript variants encoding two different proteins have been found for this gene. Interactions Casein kinase 2, alpha 1 has been shown to Protein-protein interaction, interact with: * APC (gene), APC, * ATF1, * Activating transcription factor 2, ATF2, * C-Fos, * C-jun, * CDC25B, * CHEK1, * CREB-binding protein, CREBBP, * CSNK2B, * DNA damage-i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CDC25C
M-phase inducer phosphatase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CDC25C'' gene. This gene is highly conserved during evolution and it plays a key role in the regulation of cell division. The encoded protein is a tyrosine phosphatase and belongs to the Cdc25 phosphatase family. It directs dephosphorylation of cyclin B-bound CDC2 (CDK1) and triggers entry into mitosis. It is also thought to suppress p53-induced growth arrest. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, however, the full-length nature of many of them is not known. Interactions CDC25C has been shown to interact with MAPK14, CHEK1, PCNA, PIN1, PLK3 and NEDD4. See also * Cdc25 Cdc25 is a dual-specificity phosphatase first isolated from the yeast '' Schizosaccharomyces pombe'' as a cell cycle defective mutant. As with other cell cycle proteins or genes such as Cdc2 and Cdc4, the "cdc" in its name refers to "cell divis ... References Further reading * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CDC25B
M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CDC25B'' gene. CDC25B is a member of the CDC25 family of phosphatases. CDC25B activates the cyclin dependent kinase CDC2 by removing two phosphate groups and it is required for entry into mitosis. CDC25B shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm due to nuclear localization and nuclear export signals. The protein is nuclear in the M and G1 phases of the cell cycle and moves to the cytoplasm during S and G2. CDC25B has oncogenic properties, although its role in tumor formation has not been determined. Multiple transcript variants for this gene exist. Interactions CDC25B has been shown to interact with MAPK14, Casein kinase 2, alpha 1, CHEK1, MELK, Estrogen receptor alpha, YWHAB, YWHAZ, YWHAH and YWHAE 14-3-3 protein epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''YWHAE'' gene. Function This gene product belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins which mediate signal transduction by binding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAP Kinase
A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase). MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis. MAP kinases are found in eukaryotes only, but they are fairly diverse and encountered in all animals, fungi and plants, and even in an array of unicellular eukaryotes. MAPKs belong to the CMGC (CDK/MAPK/GSK3/CLK) kinase group. The closest relatives of MAPKs are the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Discovery The first mitogen-activated protein kinase to be discovered was ERK1 (MAPK3) in mammals. Since ERK1 and its close relative ERK2 (MAPK1) are both involved in growth factor signaling, the family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Activating Transcription Factor 2
Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''ATF2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined. The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32. The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton. ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AKT1
RAC(Rho family)-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AKT1'' gene. This enzyme belongs to the AKT subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that contain SH2 (Src homology 2-like) protein domains. It is commonly referred to as PKB, or by both names as "Akt/PKB". Function The serine-threonine protein kinase AKT1 is catalytically inactive in serum-starved primary and immortalized fibroblasts. AKT1 and the related AKT2 are activated by platelet-derived growth factor. The activation is rapid and specific, and it is abrogated by mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1. It was shown that the activation occurs through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the developing nervous system AKT is a critical mediator of growth factor-induced neuronal survival. Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating the serine/threonine kinase AKT1, which then phosphorylates and inactivates components o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATF2
Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''ATF2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined. The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32. The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton. ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autophosphorylation
Autophosphorylation is a type of post-translational modification of proteins. It is generally defined as the phosphorylation of the kinase by itself. In eukaryotes, this process occurs by the addition of a phosphate group to serine, threonine or tyrosine residues within protein kinases, normally to regulate the catalytic activity.Petsko, GA and Ringe, D 2009, 'Protein Structure and Function', Oxford University Press Inc., New York, U.S.A Autophosphorylation may occur when a kinases' own active site catalyzes the phosphorylation reaction (cis autophosphorylation), or when another kinase of the same type provides the active site that carries out the chemistry (trans autophosphorylation). The latter often occurs when kinase molecules dimerize. In general, the phosphate groups introduced are gamma phosphates from nucleoside triphosphates, most commonly ATP. Function Protein kinases, many of which are regulated by autophosphorylation, are vital in controlling the cellular prolifer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
