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Mulpún
Mulpún is a coal mine and locality in Los Ríos Region, Chile. Mulpún lies in the commune of Máfil a few kilometers to the west of the Chile Route 5 and north of the Calle-Calle and San Pedro River. History The mine was exploited during parts of the 20th century when its coal powered the electric grid of the city of Valdivia. The mine has been owned by ''Compañía Carbonífera San Pedro de Catamutún'' since 1987. In 1992 and 1993 a gravimetric exploration campaign was conducted. The mine was planned to re-open in 1997. As the Catamutún mines closed in the late 1990s some miners were transferred to Mulpún, but mining in Mulpún ended in 2001 after an explosion accident. An underground coal gasification project in the closed Mulpún mine was made public in 2009 but was put on hold in 2013. The project was a joint-venture between Antofagasta Minerals and Carbon Energy until 2013. Geology At Mulpún there is one sub-horizontal coal layer whose thickness vary from 9 to 11 m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estratos De Pupunahue
Estratos de Pupunahue is the name given to the sedimentary strata of Oligocene-Miocene age that crop out in Pupunahue and Mulpún near Valdivia, Chile. Outside this locality Estratos de Pupunahue extends below the surface over a larger area. The thickness of the strata varies from a few meters to 530 meters. The strata were initially described by Henning Illies. The strata are made up of conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone (Chilean Spanish: ''fangolita''). The clast of the conglomerates are made up of metamorphic rock and the disposition of the conglomerates varies from clast-supported to matrix-supported. The sandstone and mudstone contain layers of lignite coal that exceed 30 cm in thickness. Coal layers found in the Estratos de Pupunahue have been exploited in the mines of Catamutún, Pupunahue and Mulpún ("Mulpun Beds"). The strata are very similar to the Cheuquemó Formation found further north, with the sole difference that the fossil assemblage in both seems to ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catamutún
Catamutún is a coal mine and locality in Los Ríos Region, Chile.Catamutún: el negocio de la cal agrícola , ''El Austral: El Diario de Osorno''. Catamutún is located 25 km away from the city of La Unión. Coal has been mined in Los Ríos Region since the 1930s and Catamutún begun in 1945 to be exploited by ''Compañía Carbonífera San Pedro de Catamutún'', an enterprise which has since then expanded into mining. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pupunahue
Pupunahue is a coal mine and hamlet in Los Ríos Region near the towns of Máfil and Los Lagos. The coal beds exploited in Pupunahue belong to the Pupunahue Beds. Geologically the sedimentary rocks of the Pupunahue Beds containing coal lie in Pupunahue Basin, a sub-basin of the larger Pupunahue-Mulpún Neogene Carboniferous Basin. The coals of Pupunahue deposited during the Oligo-Miocene in an environment with moderate marine influence and certainly less marine influence than for the nearby Catamutún coals. In 2016 it was announced that the closed Pupunahue mine would become a national heritage site. See also * The Jackal of Pupunahue *Coal mining in Chile *History of mining in Chile During most of Chile's history, from 1500 to the present, mining has been an important economic activity. 16th century mining was oriented towards the exploitation of gold placer deposits using encomienda labour. After a period of decline in the 17 ... Notes References Coal mines in Chi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Energy
Carbon Energy Limited (former name: Metex Resources Limited) is an Australian global energy technology provider and services company with expertise in unconventional syngas extraction utilising its proprietary Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) technology. It operates an underground coal gasification pilot plant at Bloodwood Creek, Queensland, Australia. In 2009, Carbon Energy signed an agreement with the Chilean company Antofagasta Minerals to develop an underground coal gasification project in Mulpún, Chile. The Company is headquartered in Brisbane, Australia, is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) as CNX and is quoted on the OTCQX International Exchange as CNXAY in the United States. Carbon Energy has gone in to administration. The Australian government failed to act. See also * Coal mining in Chile * Cougar Energy * Linc Energy Linc Energy was an Australian energy company that specialised in coal-based synthetic fuel production, as well as conventi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Máfil
Máfil (Mapudungun for ''embraced between rivers'') is a town and commune of the Valdivia Province, Los Ríos Region in southern Chile, about 30 km northeast of Valdivia. The main economic activities of Máfil are forestry, cattle farming, cultivation and gold and coal mining the Madre de Dios and Mulpún areas. Its population was 7,213 persons per the 2002 census. Demographics According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Máfil spans an area of and has 7,213 inhabitants (3,773 men and 3,440 women). Of these, 3,796 (52.6%) lived in urban areas and 3,417 (47.4%) in rural areas. The population fell by 7% (547 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. Administration As a commune, Máfil is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Moira Henzi Becker. Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Máfil is represented in the C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estuary
An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments and are an example of an ecotone. Estuaries are subject both to marine influences such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water, and to fluvial influences such as flows of freshwater and sediment. The mixing of seawater and freshwater provides high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world. Most existing estuaries formed during the Holocene epoch with the flooding of river-eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea level began to rise about 10,000–12,000 years ago. Estuaries are typically classified according to their geomorphological features or to water-circulation patterns. They can have many different names, such as bays, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quaternary
The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.58 million years ago to the present. The Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene (2.58 million years ago to 11.7 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago to today, although a third epoch, the Anthropocene, has been proposed but is not yet officially recognised by the ICS). The Quaternary Period is typically defined by the cyclic growth and decay of continental ice sheets related to the Milankovitch cycles and the associated climate and environmental changes that they caused. Research history In 1759 Giovanni Arduino proposed that the geological strata of northern Italy could be divided into four successive formations or "orders" ( it, quattro ordini). The term "quaternary" was introduced by Jules Desnoye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bahía Mansa Metamorphic Complex
The Bahía Mansa Metamorphic Complex or BMMC ( es, link=no, Complejo metamórfico Bahía Mansa, CMBM), also known as the Western Series, is a group of metamorphic geologic formations of the Chilean Coast Range in southern Chile. It consists mainly of pelitic schists, metagreywackes and oceanic type mafic metavolcanics. The complex owes its name to Bahía Mansa Bahía Mansa is a settlement and bay located on the coast of Osorno Province, southern Chile. It is the main port between Corral Bay and Maullín River and the only port of Osorno Province. The town's economy revolves around tourism and fishing. .... References Lithodemic units of Chile Geology of Araucanía Region Geology of Biobío Region Geology of Los Ríos Region Geology of Los Lagos Region Metamorphic complexes Geology of the Chilean Coast Range Coasts of Los Ríos Region Coasts of Los Lagos Region {{Geology of Chile ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basement (geology)
In geology, basement and crystalline basement are crystalline rocks lying above the mantle and beneath all other rocks and sediments. They are sometimes exposed at the surface, but often they are buried under miles of rock and sediment. The basement rocks lie below a sedimentation, sedimentary platform (geology), platform or cover, or more generally any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic rock, metamorphic or Igneous rock, igneous in origin. In the same way, the sediments or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a "cover" or "sedimentary cover". Crustal rocks are modified several times before they become basement, and these transitions alter their composition. Continental crust Basement rock is the thick foundation of ancient, and oldest, metamorphic and igneous rock that forms the Crust (geology), crust of continents, often in the form of granite. Basement rock is contrasted to overlying sedimentary rocks which are laid down ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ameghiniana
''Ameghiniana'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering palaeontology published by the Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. It is named after the 19th century Italian Argentine palaeontologist Florentino Ameghino. The discovery of many dinosaurs found in Argentina and South America have first been published in ''Ameghiniana''; examples of this are ''Argentinosaurus'' and ''Herrerasaurus ''Herrerasaurus'' is a genus of saurischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic period. This genus was one of the earliest dinosaurs from the fossil record. Its name means "Herrera's lizard", after the rancher who discovered the first specimen in ...''. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: References External links * Asociación Paleontológica Argentina Paleontology journals Geology of Argentina Publications established in 1957 Multilingual journals Quarterly journals Academic journals published by learned and professional societies of Arge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', "dawn") and (''kainós'', "new") and refers to the "dawn" of modern ('new') fauna that appeared during the epoch. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope Carbon-13, 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope Carbon-12, 12C. The end is set at a major extinction event called the ''Grande Coupure'' (the "Great Break" in continuity) or the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Popigai impact structure, Siberia and in what is now ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foraminifer
Foraminifera (; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell (called a "test") of diverse forms and materials. Tests of chitin (found in some simple genera, and Textularia in particular) are believed to be the most primitive type. Most foraminifera are marine, the majority of which live on or within the seafloor sediment (i.e., are benthic), while a smaller number float in the water column at various depths (i.e., are planktonic), which belong to the suborder Globigerinina. Fewer are known from freshwater or brackish conditions, and some very few (nonaquatic) soil species have been identified through molecular analysis of small subunit ribosomal DNA. Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in struc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
