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Mount Laurel Doctrine
The ''Mount Laurel'' doctrine is a significant judicial doctrine of the New Jersey State Constitution. The doctrine requires that municipalities use their zoning powers in an affirmative manner to provide a realistic opportunity for the production of housing affordable to low- and moderate-income households. The doctrine takes its name from the lead case in which it was first pronounced by the New Jersey Supreme Court in 1975: ''Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Mount Laurel Township'' (commonly called ''Mount Laurel I''), in which the plaintiffs challenged the zoning ordinance of Mount Laurel Township, New Jersey, on the grounds that it operated to exclude low and moderate income persons from obtaining housing in the municipality. History Initial development After the decision in ''Mount Laurel I'', suits were filed against numerous municipalities. The plaintiffs in such suits fell into three classes: lower income persons who actually sought housing and advocacy organiz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Jersey State Constitution
The Constitution of the State of New Jersey is the basic governing document of the State of New Jersey. In addition to three British Royal Charters issued for East Jersey, West Jersey and united New Jersey while they were still colonies, the state has been governed by three constitutions. The first was adopted on July 2, 1776, shortly before New Jersey ratified the United States Declaration of Independence and the second came into effect in 1844. The current document was adopted in 1947 and has been amended several times. The state constitution reinforces the basic rights found in the United States Constitution, but also contains several unique provisions, such as regulations governing the operation of casinos. At 26,159 words, the document is slightly shorter than the average American state constitution (about 28,300 words). Previous versions Three fundamental documents had governed the territory now known as New Jersey. The first was the Concession and Agreement, which w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethel Lawrence
Ethel Robinson Lawrence (March 16, 1926 - July 19, 1994) was a civil rights activist who was known as the "Rosa Parks of affordable housing". Lawrence was the lead plaintiff in the Mount Laurel, New Jersey litigation for affordable housing, which led to the New Jersey Fair Housing Act, the New Jersey Council on Affordable Housing (COAH) and the Mount Laurel doctrine.Lawrence-Halley, Ethel A. “Biography: Ethel Robinson Lawrence.” Online, Mount Laurel, NJ. In her final years, Lawrence worked closely with attorney Peter O'Connor to start the non-profit organization Fair Share Housing Development Inc., which built over 200 units for moderate- to low-income tenants in Mount Laurel. Early life Lawrence was the second of eight children born to Mary and Leslie Robinson.Courtney, Marian"For Chief Plaintiff, A 15-Year Battle." ''The New York Times'', August 4, 1985. Accessed August 17, 2021 Lawrence's ancestors had resided in Mount Laurel since the nineteenth-century when her slave ancesto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Affordable Housing
Affordable housing is housing which is deemed affordable to those with a household income at or below the median as rated by the national government or a local government by a recognized housing affordability index. Most of the literature on affordable housing refers to mortgages and a number of forms that exist along a continuum – from emergency homeless shelters, to transitional housing, to non-market rental (also known as social or subsidized housing), to formal and informal rental, indigenous housing, and ending with affordable home ownership. Housing choice is a response to an extremely complex set of economic, social, and psychological impulses. For example, some households may choose to spend more on housing because they feel they can afford to, while others may not have a choice. Definition and measurement There are several means of defining and measuring affordable housing. The definition and measurement may change in different nations, cities, or for specific pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latino Action Network V
Latino or Latinos most often refers to: * Latino (demonym), a term used in the United States for people with cultural ties to Latin America * Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States * The people or cultures of Latin America; ** Latin Americans Latino and Latinos may also refer to: Language and linguistics * ''il Latino, la lingua Latina''; in English known as Latin * ''Latino sine flexione'', a constructed language * The native name of the Mozarabic language * A historical name for the Judeo-Italian languages Media and entertainment Music * ''Latino'' (Sebastian Santa Maria album) *''Latino'', album by Milos Karadaglic *"Latino", winning song from Spain in the OTI Festival, 1981 Other media * ''Latino'' (film), from 1985 * ''Latinos'' (newspaper series) People Given name *Latino Galasso, Italian rower *Latino Latini, Italian scholar and humanist of the Renaissance *Latino Malabranca Orsini, Italian cardinal *Latino Orsini, Italian cardinal Other names *Joseph N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederick Wilson Hall
Frederick Wilson Hall (February 22, 1908 – July 7, 1984) was an associate justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1959 to 1975. Hall was born in Pittsburgh on February 22, 1908, the son of Peter B. Hall and Rachel (Crispin) Hall. He graduated from Rutgers University and Harvard Law School. He founded and practiced law at the firm of Wharton and Hall. Hall was a Democrat. He sat on the New Jersey Superior Court from 1953 to 1959 and on the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1959 to 1975 in an era known as the Weintraub Court. Hall wrote the decision in the 1975 case ''Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Mount Laurel Township'' (commonly called ''Mount Laurel I''), which affects affordable housing policy in New Jersey. He married Jane R. Armstrong on July 18, 1936. A resident of Somerville, New Jersey, he died July 7, 1984. See also *List of justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey *New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals *Courts of New Jersey Courts of New Jersey includ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbott District
''Abbott'' districts are school districts in New Jersey that are provided remedies to ensure that their students receive public education in accordance with the state constitution. They were created in 1985 as a result of the first ruling of ''Abbott v. Burke'', a case filed by the Education Law Center. The ruling asserted that public primary and secondary education in poor communities throughout the state was unconstitutionally substandard. The ''Abbott II'' ruling in 1990 had the most far-reaching effects, ordering the state to fund the (then) 28 ''Abbott'' districts at the average level of the state's wealthiest districts. The Abbott District system was replaced in 2007 by the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. There are now 31 "''Abbott'' districts" in the state, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Scho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inclusionary Zoning
Inclusionary zoning (IZ), also known as inclusionary housing, refers to municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes. The term ''inclusionary'' zoning indicates that these ordinances seek to counter exclusionary zoning practices, which aim to exclude low-cost housing from a municipality through the zoning code. There are variations among different inclusionary zoning programs. Firstly, they can be mandatory or voluntary. Though voluntary programs exist, the great majority has been built as a result of local mandatory programmes requiring developers to include the affordable units in their developments. There are also variations among the set-aside requirements, affordability levels coupled with the period of control. In order to encourage engagements in these zoning programs, developers are awarded with incentives for engaging in these programs, such as density bonus, expedited appr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urban Sprawl
Urban sprawl (also known as suburban sprawl or urban encroachment) is defined as "the spreading of urban developments (such as houses and shopping centers) on undeveloped land near a city." Urban sprawl has been described as the unrestricted growth in many urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. In addition to describing a special form of urbanization, the term also relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with this development. Medieval suburbs suffered from loss of protection of city walls, before the advent of industrial warfare. Modern disadvantages and costs include increased travel time, transport costs, pollution, and destruction of the countryside. The cost of building urban infrastructure for new developments is hardly ever recouped through property taxes, amounting to a subsidy for the developers and new residents at the expense of existing property taxpayers. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impact Fee
An impact fee is a fee that is imposed by a local government within the United States on a new or proposed development project to pay for all or a portion of the costs of providing public services to the new development.Juergensmeyer, Julian C., and Thomas E. Roberts. Land Use Planning and Development Regulatory Law. St. Paul, MN: West Group, 2003. 351-373. Impact fees are considered to be a charge on new development to help fund and pay for the construction or needed expansion of offsite capital improvements. These fees are usually implemented to help reduce the economic burden on local jurisdictions that are trying to deal with population growth within the area. History Impact fees were first implemented in Hinsdale, Illinois in 1947. To finance a water treatment plant expansion, the Hinsdale Sanitary District president John A. McElwain implemented a "tap-in" fee of $50 per new residential sewer line. The sanitary district was sued by the Illinois Home Building Association, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Affordable Housing
Affordable housing is housing which is deemed affordable to those with a household income at or below the median as rated by the national government or a local government by a recognized housing affordability index. Most of the literature on affordable housing refers to mortgages and a number of forms that exist along a continuum – from emergency homeless shelters, to transitional housing, to non-market rental (also known as social or subsidized housing), to formal and informal rental, indigenous housing, and ending with affordable home ownership. Housing choice is a response to an extremely complex set of economic, social, and psychological impulses. For example, some households may choose to spend more on housing because they feel they can afford to, while others may not have a choice. Definition and measurement There are several means of defining and measuring affordable housing. The definition and measurement may change in different nations, cities, or for specific pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morris County, New Jersey
Morris County is a County (United States), county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey, about west of New York City. According to the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the county's population was enumerated at 509,285,QuickFacts Morris County, New Jersey United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 24, 2022. an increase of 17,009 (3.5%) from the 492,276 counted at the 2010 United States census, 2010 census,DP1 – Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
